Table 1 Nanoparticle-induced cancer immunotherapy through targeting macrophages
From: Nanoparticles in tumor microenvironment remodeling and cancer immunotherapy
Nanoparticle | Cancer type/Cell line | Size (nm)/Zeta potential (mV) | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PEGylated liposomes | Breast cancer/4T1 cells Pancreatic cancer/ murine KPC1245 and KPC1242 cells | 75Â nm | Delivery of mannose and levamisole hydrochloride for glycolysis suppression and reducing mitochondrial energy metabolism Suppression of cancer proliferation Combination with radiotherapy impairs M2 polarization of macrophages and increases immune responses | [260] |
Prodrug nanoparticles | Colorectal cancer/MC38 cells Breast cancer/MCF-7 cells | 39 nm/-8.23 mV 263.2 nm/less than − 5 mV | Co-delivery of doxorubicin and R848 Modification of nanoparticles with bifunctional PD-1/PD-L1 peptide antagonist PCP Cleavage of nanoparticles with FAP-α in the tumor stroma Release of cargo in the tumor site stimulates immunogenic cell death and causes macrophage reprogramming | [261] |
Lipid nanoparticles | Pancreatic cancer/KPC cells | 122.4Â nm/+27.82 mV | Loading lipid nanoparticles in injectable hydrogels Delivery of CCL5-siRNA by lipid nanoparticles to induce M1 polarization of macrophages and enhance T cell-induced immune responses | [262] |
Upconversion nanostructures | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 39.5 ± 1.1 and 54.1 ± 1.3 nm/-19.7 mV and − 4.1 mV | Introduction of upconversion nanoparticles co-doped with perfluorocarbon (PFC)/chlorin e6 (Ce6) Targeted delivery of paclitaxel as a chemotherapy drug Increasing singlet oxygen production Stimulating M1 polarization of macrophage in accelerating pro-inflammatory cytokine release to impair breast cancer progression | [263] |
Iron-chelated melanin-like nanocarriers | Colon and breast cancers/ CT26 and 4T1 cells | 150Â nm | Stimulating M1 polarization of macrophages and providing photothermal therapy, they accelerated tumor-associated antigen release to improve cancer immunotherapy | [264] |
Supramolecular nanoparticles | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 190.1Â nm/-17.1 mV | Suppression of CSF1R and MAPK to stimulate M1 polarization of macrophages | [265] |
MIP-3β plasmid | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 90 nm/-2.1 mV | Increasing dendritic cell maturation and suppressing M2 polarization of macrophages | [266] |
Au@PG nanocarriers | Lung cancer/ Lewis lung carcinoma cells | 32.2Â nm at 2.5 mM ONPG, 29.8Â nm at 10 mM, 26.4Â nm at 50 mM, and 18.3Â nm at 75 mM | Polyaniline-based glycol-condensation on the nanostructures Switching M2 polarized macrophages into M1 polarized macrophages Nanoparticles with smaller sizes demonstrate higher efficacy in the macrophage re-education | [267] |
CaCO3-loaded Au nanostructures | Macrophages/RAW 264.7 cells | 32Â nm | Elongating macrophage cell morphology Stimulation of M1 biomarker and inflammatory cytokines Inducing M2 polarization of macrophages | [268] |
Polymeric nanocarriers | Osteosarcoma/K7M2 cells | 98.4Â nm/-14.3 mV | Biodegradable nanoparticles for delivery of regorafenib as vascular normalization compound Release of cargo upon laser irradiation of 808Â nm and increasing hypoxia in TME Induction of the release of reactive oxygen species and mediation of immunogenic cell death Stimulation of M1 polarization of macrophages | [269] |
Gadofullerene nanocarriers | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 68.1Â nm/-37.7 mV | M1 polarization of macrophages and increasing infiltration of T lymphocytes in the TME for cancer suppression | [270] |
DGL-ZA nanoparticles | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 123.1Â nm/-13.4 mV | Potential cancer biodistribution, extravasation, and high tumor penetration Conjugation of dendrigraft poly-L-lysines as inducers of autophagy Macrophage regulation and increasing tumor-suppressor activity | [271] |
Phosphatidylserine-modified nanoparticles | Melanoma/B16F10 cells | 230 nm/at a range of 20–30 mV | Externalization of nanostructures occurs when they are exposed to the TME with upregulation of MMP2 Increasing depletion of tumular-associated macrophages in TME | [272] |
Hyaluronic acid-functionalized nanoparticles | Non-small cell lung cancer | 92Â nm/-12 mV | Targeted delivery of miR-125b and increasing its transfection more than 6 times to induce M1 polarization and enhance iNOS levels | [273] |
Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 120–160 nm/20 mV | Functionalization with mannose and glycocholic acid Delivery of SIRPα-siRNA and MUC1 pDNA Oral delivery of cargo pMUC1 increases macrophage phagocytosis ability and M1 polarization Increasing immunity by the SIRPα-siRNA | [274] |