Table 4 Application of exosomes in cancer immunotherapy
From: Nanoparticles in tumor microenvironment remodeling and cancer immunotherapy
Exosome source | Cargo | Cancer type | Cell line | Remark | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dendritic cell | Neoantigens | Melanoma | B16F10 cells | Delivery of cargo to the lymph nodes and stimulation of T- and B-cell immune responses High biocompatibility Improving survival of animal model Suppressing proliferation and delayed tumor relapse | [489] |
Glioblastoma | LncRNA | Glioblastoma | Human glioma cell line LN229, mouse glioma cell line GL261, human microglial cell line HMC3, and mouse microglial cell line BV-2 | Stimulation of microglia to generate and secrete complement C5 in chemotherapy resistance development | [490] |
M1 macrophage | HOTTIP | Head and neck cancer | Hep-2 cells | TLR5/NF-κB overexpression to impair progression of head and neck cancer | [491] |
CD45RO- CD8+ T cell | - | Endometrial cancer | Ishikawa, RL95-2 and KLE cells | The exosomes suppress estrogen-induced endometrial cancer progression through miR-765 release | [492] |
M1 macrophage | SN38 MnO2 | Breast cancer | 4T1 cells | Cancer-targeting ability and prolonging blood circulation Stimulating M1 polarization of macrophages Increasing recruitment of NK cells | [493] |
γδ-T cells | - | Nasopharyngeal cancer | NP69, HK-1 and NPC43 cells | Elimination and killing tumor cells Stimulation of FasL and DR5/TRAIL axis Suppressing cancer growth Increasing survival of animal model Apoptosis induction Increasing migration of T cells to the tumor site through CCR5 upregulation | [494] |
- | - | Breast cancer | 4T1 cells | The smart and bioengineered exosomes with CD62L and OX40L can induce T cells and suppress Treg cell function | [495] |
Dendritic cells | - | Melanoma | B16-OVA cells | Functionalization of exosomes with anti-CD3 and anti-EGFR to bind to T cells | [496] |
iPSCs and dendritic cells exosomes | Doxorubicin | Gastric cancer | MFC cell line | Delivery of chemotherapy drug Tumor-targeting ability Recruitment of immune cells to the TME | [497] |
Cancer cells | Paclitaxel | Breast cancer | 4T1 cells | Development of liposome-exosome conjugate with high biocompatibility to increase the number of CD8+ T cells | [498] |
Cancer cells | - | Breast cancer | 4T1 cells | A combination of oxygenated water and cancer-secreted exosomes induce anti-tumor responses and suppress angiogenesis and invasion | [499] |
Cancer cells | - | Pancreatic cancer | PANC-1 cells | Exosomes reduce the levels of HLA-DR on the surface of CD14 + monocytes to cause immunosuppression through regulation of STAT3, stimulation of arginase expression and ROS | [500] |
M1 macrophages | Docetaxel | Breast cancer | 4T1 cells | The docetaxel-loaded exosomes stimulate cancer immunotherapy through M1 polarization of macrophages | [501] |
Dendritic cells | siRNA | Melanoma | B16-F10 cells | BRAF siRNA delivery by exosomes to induce T lymphocytes | [502] |
HEK 293T cell | Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and immune adjuvant R848 | Prostate cancer | RM-1 cells | The exosomes preferentially accumulate in the tumor site and induce dendritic cell maturation Increasing levels of CD80 and CD86 as biomarkers of dendritic cells Inducing M1 polarization of macrophages | [503] |