Table 6 Nanoparticle-mediated PDT and PTT and their relationship with cancer immunotherapy
From: Nanoparticles in tumor microenvironment remodeling and cancer immunotherapy
Nanoparticle | Cancer type/Cell line | Size (nm)/zeta potential (mV) | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Nano-PROTACs | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 40 and 80 nm/ | The nanoparticles have been comprised of PpIX as photosensitizer and SHP2-targeting PROTAC peptide (aPRO) The stimulation of aPRO occurs as a response to upregulation of caspase-3 Targeted degradation of SHP2 through ubiquitin-proteasome system SHP2 depletion suppresses immunosuppressive pathways, including CD47/SIRPα and PD-1/PD-L1, to improve anti-cancer functions of macrophages and T cells | [542] |
MRC nanoparticles | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 38.69 ± 0.20 | Co-delivery of RGX-104 as an immune agonist and chlorin e6 Stimulation of ApoE by RGX-104 to impair the function of MDSCs and accelerate pyroptosis Chlorin e6-induced PDT to facilitate oxidative damage and enhance immunogenicity | [543] |
Ru(II)-modified TiO2 nanocarriers | 4NQO-Oral cancer | 40 nm/ −7.41 ± 1.22 and + 27.65 ± 2.46 mV | Loading HIF-1α-siRNA in nanoparticles Stimulation of PDT and inducing lysosomal damage Downregulation of HIF-1α and enhancing killing of oral cancer Stimulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells | [544] |
PDA-FA nanoparticles | Colon cancer/CT26 cells | 130Â nm/-14.29 mV | Delivery of CpG as immunomodulatory to induce dendritic cell maturation and increase T cell activity Suppressing Treg cells and MDSCs PTT induction | [545] |
Copper sulphide nanoplatforms | Melanoma/B16F10 cells | 28 nm/30.5 mV | Delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein to target PTPN2 Downregulation of PTPN2 to increase infiltration of CD8+ T cells Increasing levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α Improving immune-sensitivity | [546] |
Polymer nanoadjuvants | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 40Â nm/-31 mV | Doping with TLR agonist as an immunomodulatory adjuvant Presence of lipid shell response to temperature The PTT potential in response to NIR-II Immunogenic cell death induction and release of TLR agonist Upregulation of TLR7/TLR8 and stimulation of immunogenic cell death enhance dendritic cell maturation and amplification of anti-cancer immune responses | [547] |
Nanoenzymes | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 100Â nm | Cu-doped MoOx (CMO) nanozyme comprises the core that is coated with cancer cell membrane Increasing the tumor accumulation and nanozymes causes oxidative damage through increasing ROS generation PTT causes immunogenic cell death to activate the immune system | [548] |
Gold nanorod | Colon cancer/CT26 cells | 66.48 ± 1.41, 76.73 ± 4.6, 93.72 ± 2.7, and 116.8 ± 6.5 nm/26 mV | The 808 nm laser irradiation causes PTT Stimulation of immune cells in the lymph nodes | [549] |
AIE | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 110.3Â nm/+10.68 mV | Modification with cancer cell membrane Stimulation of immunogenic cell death Increasing ROS generation through PDT | [550] |
Polymer nanoagonist | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 42 and 50Â nm/-19.9 mV | Stimulation of PTT Increasing immunotherapy and induction of immunogenic cell death | [551] |
Antigen-capturing nanoparticles | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 41.1Â nm | Stimulation of phototherapy under NIR irradiation Increasing antigen uptake and presentation Suppressing cancer progression | [552] |
Black phosphorus quantum dot nanovesicles | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 120Â nm/-23 mV | Loading them into thermosensitive hydrogels NIR irradiation increases dendritic cell activation and then, they migrate into lymph nodes for the stimulation of CD8+ T cells | [553] |
Gold nanocages | Colon cancer/CT26 cells | 52 ± 3 nm/ -24 ± 2 mV | Delivery of anti-PD-L1 and galunisertib by nanocages Stimulation of PTT to cause immunotherapy | [554] |