Nanoparticles in tumor microenvironment remodeling and cancer immunotherapy

Table 7 The application of nanoparticle-based immunotherapy in clinical studies [541, 555,556,557]

Nanoparticle	Phase	Remark	Reference
RNA-lipoplexes	Phase I	Increasing maturation of dendritic cells and increasing T cell response	[558]
miR-34a-loaded liposomes	Phase I	Reduction in the expression of immune evasion genes	[559]
miR-4157-loaded lipids	Phase I	Stimulation of neoantigen-specific T cells and increasing anti-cancer immune responses	[560]
Iron oxide nanostructures	Not applicable	Increasing M1 polarization of macrophages from M2 phenotype	[256]
Paclitaxel-loaded lipid core nanostructures	Phase II	Enhancing dendritic cell maturation	[561, 562]
Doxorubicin-loaded anti-EGFR immunoliposomes	Phase II	Stimulation of immunogenic cell death Suppressing EGFR-induced growth signaling	NCT02833766
Plasmid DNA complex-loaded cationic liposomes	Phase I	Stimulation of the immune system	NCT00860522
Combination of anti-PD-1 and hafnium oxide nanostructures	Phase I	Increase in tumor cell death, promotion of immunogenic cell death, and induction of the immune system	NCT03589339 [563]

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