Novel therapies in genitourinary cancer: an update

Table 1 Indication and efficacy for selected agents in advanced RCC

Indications	Agent	Target	Efficacy
1 ^st line
Poor risk	Temsirolimus	mTOR	Survival benefit (HR: 0.73) [33]
Good risk and clear cell	High dose IL-2	Immunomodulation	ORR: 14% (potential durable response) [99, 100]
Good and intermediate risk	Sunitinib	VEGFR 1,2,3, PDGFR α,β Abl, Src	Survival benefit (HR: 0.82) [22]
Good and intermediate risk	Bevacizumab/Interferon	VEGF/Immunomodulation	PFS benefit (HR: 0.63) [49]
2 ^nd line
Prior cytokine therapy	Sorafenib	VEGFR 1,2,3, PDGFR, C-kit, Flt-3, RET	PFS benefit (HR: 0.44) [12]
Prior TKIs	Everolimus	mTOR	PFS benefit (HR: 0.30) [35]
Clinical trials
	Thalidomide	Immunomodulation and angiogenesis	ORR: 0% [42]
	Lenalidomide	Immunomodulation and angiogenesis	ORR: 11% [44]
	Axitinib	VEGFR 1,2, PDGFR, C-kit	ORR: 21–44.2% [24, 101]
	Pazopanib	VEGFR 1,2,3, PDGFR, C-kit	ORR: 34.7% [27]
	Cediranib	VEGFR 1,2,3, PDGFR, C-kit, FLT-4	ORR: 38% [29]
	G250	CA IX	ORR: 10% [57]
	Ixabepilone	Cytotoxic	ORR: 12.6% [58]

Abbreviations: RCC, renal cell cancer; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; PDGFR, platelet derived growth factor receptor; c-KIT, stem-cell growth factor receptor; Flt-3 and -4, Fms-like tyrosine kinases 3 and 4; HR, hazard ratio; ORR, objective response rate; PFS, progression-free survival.

ISSN: 1756-8722