|
G-CSF
|
Induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils
|
Pulmonary toxicity26
|
|
GM-CSF
|
Stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and stimulates the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells
|
Elevation induced by radiation24
|
|
IFN-γ
|
Coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes, antiviral and antineoplastic activity
|
N/A
|
|
IL-1α
|
Plays a role in various immune responses, inflammatory processes, and hematopoiesis.
|
Potential marker4,5; causes radiation lung toxicity6.16,28
|
|
IL-1β
|
Plays a role in immune defense against infection; induces fever, controls lymphocytes, increases the number of bone marrow cells and causes degeneration of bone joints
|
Uncertain correlation with RT toxicity6
|
|
IL-2
|
Causes activation and differentiation of other T lymphocytes independently of antigen
|
N/A
|
|
IL-4
|
Promotes antibody production by causing proliferation and differentiation of B-cells
|
N/A
|
|
IL-5
|
Promotes eosinophil differentiation and activation in haematopoiesis and triggering activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells
|
N/A
|
|
IL-6
|
Stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-cells and T-cells
|
Potential marker4,5,29,30Cause radiation lung toxicity28
|
|
IL-7
|
Promotes growth of B-cell precursors and activation of mature T-cell
|
N/A
|
|
IL-9
|
Stimulates the proliferation of erythroid precursor cells
|
N/A
|
|
IL-10
|
Co-regulates mast cell growth; inhibits synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines; suppresses the antigen presentation capacity of antigen presenting cells; stimulatory towards certain T cells, mast cells and B cells
|
Potential marker for lung toxicity27
|
|
IL-12p70
|
Involved in the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells, which is important in resistance against pathogens
|
N/A
|
|
IL-13
|
Plays a role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses and has anti-inflammatory activity
|
Maybe related to RT lung damage, no evidence yet
|
|
IL-15
|
Stimulates the proliferation of T-lymphocytes; induces B-lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation.
|
N/A
|
|
IL-17
|
Induces and mediates pro-inflammatory responses; induces the production of many other cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandins from many cell types
|
Maybe related to RT lung damage, no evidence yet
|
|
IP-10
|
Selectively chemoattracts Th1 lymphocytes and monocytes and inhibits cytokine stimulated hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation
|
Fibrosis related14,32,18
|
|
KC
|
Activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and T-lymphocytes
|
Fibrosis related28, possible marker31
|
|
MCP-1
|
Causes cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense
|
No correlation to RT4, fibrosis related14,18
|
|
MIP-1α
|
Attracts macrophages and monocytes; stimulates macrophages, and may play a role in regulating haematopoiesis
|
No significant correlation18
|
|
RANTES
|
Attract eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
|
Fibrosis sensitivity related14,18
|
|
TNF-α
|
Regulates immune cells; causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and viral replication; induces necrosis (death) of tumor cells and possesses a wide range of proinflammatory actions
|
Causes radiation-induced lung toxicity22,28,37
|
|
MIP-1β
|
Attracts macrophages and monocytes; stimulates macrophages and acute lung inflammation
|
RT lung injury38
|
