Table 3 Frequent signs and clinical symptoms ascribed to episodic unregulated release of mast cell mediators (modified from [12]; further references therein; an exhaustive survey is given in [50]).

Abdominal

abdominal pain, intestinal cramping and bloating, diarrhea and/or obstipation, nausea, non-cardiac chest pain, Helicobacter pylori-negative gastritis, malabsorption

Oropharyngeal

burning pain, aphthae

Respiratory

cough, asthma-like symptoms, dyspnea, rhinitis, sinusitis

Ophthalmologic

conjunctivitis, difficulty in focusing

Hepatic

splenomegaly, hyperbilirubinemia, elevation of liver transaminases, hypercholesterolemia

Splenomegaly

Lymphadenopathy

Cardiovascular

tachycardia, blood pressure irregularity (hypotension and/or hypertension), syncope, hot flush

Neuropsychiatric

headache, neuropathic pain, polyneuropathy, decreased attention span, difficulty in concentration, forgetfulness, anxiety, sleeplessness, organic brain syndrome, vertigo, lightheadedness, tinnitus

Cutaneous

urticaria pigmentosa, hives, efflorescences with/without pruritus, telangiectasia, flushing, angioedema

Abnormal bleeding

Musculoskeletal

muscle pain, osteoporosis/osteopenia, bone pain, migratory arthritis

Interstitial cystitis

Constitutional

fatigue, asthenia, fever, environmental sensitivities