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Table 4 Immunomodulatory effects of MSCs on immune cells
| Immune cell type | MSCs’ effects |
|---|---|
| T lymphocyte | Suppress T cell proliferation induced by cellular or nonspecific mitogenic stimuli [44] |
| Alter the cytokine secretion profile of naive and effector T cells [56] | |
| Promote the expansion and function of Treg cells [57] | |
| B lymphocyte | Inhibit proliferation of B lymphocyte [58] |
| Affect the chemotactic properties of B cells [59] | |
| Suppress B-cell terminal differentiation [60] | |
| NK cell | Alter the phenotype of NK cells and suppress proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cyto-toxicity against HLA-class I- expressing targets [61, 62] |
| Dendritic cells (DCs) | Influence differentiation, maturation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells [63] |
| Suppress dendritic cell migration, maturation and antigen presentation [64] | |
| Induce mature DCs into a novel Jagged-2-dependent regulatory DC population [65] |
