Figure 3From: Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as novel therapy for inflammatory diseases and cancersSignaling of mtROS. At low levels, mtROS participate in the process of hypoxia adaptation by regulating the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α); moderate levels of mtROS are involved in regulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines by directly activating the inflammasome and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); high levels of mtROS are capable of inducing apoptosis and autophagy by oxidation of the mitochondrial pores and autophagy-specific gene 4 (ATG4) respectively.Back to article page