Methods | Drugs | Detected species | Principle | Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fluorescent probes | MitoSOX | Superoxide | Attaching a hydrophobic cation to dihydroethidium. | Two fluorescent products, one of which is superoxide specific. The two products need to be separated by HPLC. |
 | MitoPY1 | Hydrogen peroxide | Attaching a hydrophobic cation to a phenylboronate ester. | It also reacts with peroxynitrite. |
 | MitoAR MitoHR | Hydroxyl radical | Reaction with hydroxyl radical cleaves off the quenching motif. | They also react with peroxynitrite. |
Mitochondrial inhibitors | Rotenone Antimycin | General ROS | Rotenone is complex I inhibitor and antimycin is complex III inhibitor. | Rotenone either decrease or increase ROS; Interruption of the ETC. |
Mitochondrial antioxidant | MitoQ MitoTEMPO MitoVitE | General ROS | Attaching a hydrophobic cation to antioxidants. | - |
Electron spin resonance | MitoDEPMPO | Free radicals | Free radicals have unpaired electrons, and thus are paramagnetic and detectable by ESR. | Lower sensitivity than fluorescent probes. |