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Table 2 PF-4 biological functions

From: Role of platelet chemokines, PF-4 and CTAP-III, in cancer biology

Procoagulant activity

Inhibition of heparin-dependent thrombin inactivation [15]

Anticoagulant activity

Inhibition of factor XII [16] and vitamin K dependent coagulation factors [17]

Generation of activated protein C [18]

Regulation of hematopoiesis

Inhibition of megakaryocytopoiesis [19–24]

Survival of hematopoietic and progenitor cells [73]

Inhibition of BFU-E, CFU-GM and CD34+ progenitors proliferation [24, 25]

Immunoregulatory activity

Stimulation of neutrophil adhesion and secondary granule exocytosis [36, 71, 72, 74]

Stimulation of monocyte adhesion and activation [64, 75, 76]

Induction of monocyte differentiation into macrophage [77] and APC [78]

Stimulation of eosinophil adhesion [79]

Stimulation of histamine release by basophils [80]

Activation of NK cells and IL-8 release [81]

Inhibition of T-cell activation and proliferation [82]

Anti-angiogenic activity

Growth factors (VEGF, bFGF) binding [47, 48, 60]

Competition with growth factors (VEGF, bFGF) for glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) binding [47, 48]

Prevention of EC entry into S phase and inhibition of DNA synthesis [56]

 

Monocyte ROS mediated cytotoxicity for EC [64]