Table 2 Comparison of endothelial cells and macrophages, professional immune cells
From: An evolving new paradigm: endothelial cells – conditional innate immune cells
Endothelial cells | Macrophages | |
|---|---|---|
Cytokine secretion | Pro-inflammatory cytokines | Pro-inflammatory cytokines |
Anti-inflammatory cytokines | Anti-inflammatory cytokines [134] | |
Phagocytic function | Non-professional phagocytic cells | Professional phagocytic cells [135] |
Phagocytosis of age blood cells and apoptotic cells [42] | ||
Antigen presentation | Non-professional antigen presenting cells [45] | Professional antigen presenting cells [136] |
PAMPs and DAMPs sensing | Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) [137] | |
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) [140] | ||
Toll-like receptors(TLRs) [20] | Scavenger receptor Class A Type I and II (SR-A I/II) [141] | |
NOD-like receptors(NLRs) [20] | Mannose receptors [143] | |
CD36 [142] | Dendritic cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) [144] | |
Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) [145] | ||
Complement receptor 3 (CR3) [146] | ||
Pro-inflammatory | Produce pro-inflammatory cytokines | Classically activated macrophages [134] |
Immune-enhancing | Express adhesion molecules and chemokines to attract circulating leukocytes | Produce high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines |
Anti-inflammatory | Express inhibitors of the tissue factor pathway and thrombomodulin, which prevents the activation of pro-coagulation pathway | Regulatory macrophages [134] |
Immunosuppression | Produce anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10; limit inflammation during later stages of immune responses | |
Augment suppressive function of regulatory T cells | ||
Migration | Essential for vascular development and angiogenesis [150] | Migration to sites of infection or injury in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli and insults [151, 152] |
Heterogeneity | Within and among tissues, they may have difference in appearance and variation protein and surface marker expressions | Anatomical locations and functions determine subpopulations |
Surface marker expression overlaps between different subsets [134] | ||
Plasticity | Phenotypic change is dependent on environment and pathological conditions | Phenotypic change is dependent on environment and pathological conditions [134] |