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Table 1 Cellular components isolated from IH

From: Signaling pathways in the development of infantile hemangioma

Cell type

Abbreviation

Cell marker

Characteristics

Hemangioma-derived endothelial cell

HemEC

CD31/PECAM-1, vWF, E-selectin, VEGFR-2, Tie-2 and VE-cadherin

Immature endothelial cells; Clonal expansion; Increased proliferation, migration, tumor formation and survival ability.

Hemangioma-derived endothelial progenitor cell

HemPEC

CD133*, VEGFR-2, CD34, CD31, CD146, VE-cadherin and vWF

Immature endothelial cells; Increased adhesion, migration and proliferation in the presence of endostatin or VEGF.

Hemangioma-derived mesenchymal stem cell

Hem-MSC

SH2(CD105), SH3, SH4, CD90, CD29, α-SMA and CD133

Multilineage differentiation: adipogenic, osteoblastic and myoblastic differentiation

Hemangioma-derived stem cell

HemSC

CD90, CD133, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, neuroplin-1 and CD146

Multilineage differentiation: ECs, neuronal cells, adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes; Form hemangioma-like Glut-1+ blood vessels in nude mice.

Hemangioma-derived pericyte

Hem-pericyte

PDGFR-β, neural glial antigen-2, desmin, calponin, smooth muscle 22α, smooth muscle α-actin, α-SMA, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and CD90

Increased proliferation ability; Reduced contractility; Diminished ability to stabilize blood vessels in IH.

  1. *CD133, a pentaspan membrane protein, is used as a stem cell biomarker for the isolation of progenitor/stem-like cells from IH tissues. CD133 is also responsible for self-renewal, tumorigenesis, metabolism, differentiation, autophagy, apoptosis and regeneration[23]. However, little is known about its biological functions in the development of IH.