RET_H.AMP
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RET Amplifications are rare:
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• Detected in sporadic anaplastic thyroid cancers and radiation-associated thyroid cancers (Nakashima Hum Path 2007) maybe as a result of genomic instability [17].
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• RET amplifications are rare, mainly RET-PTC1 and RET-PTC3 fustions in thyroid cancer (Marina Melillo J Clin Invest 2005) [18].
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Therapy Significance:
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• Lung tumors harboring RET amplification and PTEN deletion were sensitive to sunitinib therapy (Jones Genome Biol 2010) [19].
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• Medullary thyroid cancer patient responds to sunitinib without RET alterations (Bugalho Oncologist 2009) [20].
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• Sunitinib inhibits RET/PTC3 fusion phosphorylation causing morphologic reversion of cell transformation (Kim J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006) [21].
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High level of evidence and Significance
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• Sunitinib selectively inhibits growth of RET/PTC cells (Jeong Cancer Biol Ther 2011) [22].
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• Treatment of papillary thyroid cancer patient, but not follicular thyroid carcinoma, with sunitinib resulted in a dramatic reduction in RET phosphorylation and prolong patient survival (Dawson Anticancer Drugs 2008) [23].
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EGFR_H.AMP
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Therapy Significance:
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• Sunitinib treatment of glioblastoma multiforme xenograft tumors harboring EGFR amplification and PTEN deletion did not impart any in vivo anti-tumor benefit (Joshi PLoS One 2012) [24].
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Lowest level of significance
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• Sunitinib had minor anti-proliferative effects (IC50 3 μM) in NSCLC cell lines harbor EGFR T790M and KRAS mutations, which are resistant to EGFR inhibitors (Pan J Cancer Res Oncol 2011) [25].
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KRAS_H.AMP
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Amplification of proto-oncogenes (wild-type version of oncogene) does not necessarily suggest the ability of this alteration to transform cell.
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• However, studies do show that over expression of WT ras proteins leads to morphological transformation of cells (Pulciani Mol Cell Biol 1985) [26].
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• Focal amplification of KRAS is one of the most common amplification events in lung adenocarcinoma (Weir Nature 2007; Shiraishi Cancer Res 1989) [27],[28].
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• Amplification of KRAS is associated with increased protein levels and is quite common in NSCLC (20%; Wagner AJCP 2009) [29].
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Therapy Significance: Mixed data on effecitiveness of Sunitinib in KRAS activated tumors.
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• Constitutively active KRAS mutants (G12R) were unresponsive to sunitinib cell growth inhibition in thyroid carcinoma cell lines (Piscazzi J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012) [30].
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Low level of evidence and significance
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• Sunitinib had minor anti-proliferative effects (IC50 3 μM) in NSCLC cell lines harbor EGFR T790M and KRAS mutations, which are resistant to EGFR inhibitors (Pan J Cancer Res Oncol 2011) [25].
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• Sunitinib reduced tumor size and tumor progression, and prolong median survival in KRAS mutant mouse NSCLC model (Gandhi Cancer Prev Res 2009) [31].
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PTEN_DEL
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Deletion of PTEN in tumors with oncogene amplifications may be a biomarker for increased tumor sensitivity (mixed results below, not conclusive).
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• Lung tumors harboring RET amplification and PTEN deletion were sensitive to sunitinib therapy (Jones Genome Biol 2010) [19].
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• Sunitinib treatment of glioblastoma multiforme xenograft tumors harboring EGFR amplification and PTEN deletion did not impart any in vivo anti-tumor benefit (Joshi PLoS One 2012) [24].
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Low level of evidence and significance
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• PDGF-driven mouse glioblastoma tumors in PTEN deficient mice had a moderate effect on survival (D’Amico Neurol Res 2012) [32].
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AKT_A117T
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• Mutation has not been previously reported
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• Sunitinib apoptosis mediated through inhibition of AKT signaling in pediatric medulloblastomas (Yang Mol Cancer Res 2010) [33]. This was likely due to inhibition of upstream RTKs (and no AKT directly).
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• Sunitinib decreases phosphorylation of AKT in KIT mutant GIST cell line, as a result of KIT inhibition (Ikezoe Cancer Sci 2006) [34].
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Low level of evidence and significance
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• Reduction of Phospo-AKT in AML cancers harboring FLT3 mutations (Fiedler Blood 2005) [35].
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