Table 1 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their DAMPs and PAMPs ligands
From: Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human B cell malignancies
| Â | DAMPS (endogenous) | PAMPs (exogenous) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Ligand | Ligand | Origin | |
TLR1 | Â | Tri-acylated Lipopeptides | Bacteria and Mycobacteria |
Soluble factors | Neisseria meningitidis | ||
TLR2 | HSP60, HSP70, HSP96 | Lipoprotein/lipopeptides | Various pathogens |
HMGB1 | Peptidoglycan | Gram + bacteria | |
Hyaluronic acid | Lipoteichoic acid | Gram + bacteria | |
| Â | Lipoarabinomannam | Mycobacteria | |
Phenol-soluble modulin | Staphylococcus epidermis | ||
Glycoinostolphospholipids | Trypanosoma cruzi | ||
Glycolipids | Treponema maltophilum | ||
Porins | Neisseria | ||
Atypical-LPS | Leptospira interrogans and Porphyromonas gingivalis | ||
Zymosan | Fungi | ||
TLR3 | dsRNA, mRNA | dsRNA | Viruses |
TLR4 | HSP22, HSP60, HSP70, | LPS | Gram- bacteria |
HSP96 | HSP60 | Chlamydia pneumonia | |
HMGB1β-defensin 2 | Fusion protein | Respiratory syncytial virus | |
fibronectin | Envelope proteins | Mouse mammary tumor virus | |
Hyaluronic acid | Taxol | Plant product | |
Heparan sulphate | Â | Â | |
Fibrinogen | Â | Â | |
Surfactant-protA | Â | Â | |
TLR5 |  | Flagellin | Gram + or Gram- bacteria |
TLR6 | Â | Di-acylated lipopeptides | Mycoplasma |
Lipoteichoic acid | Gram + bacteria | ||
Zymosan | Fungi | ||
Phenol-soluble modulin | Staphylococcus epidermis | ||
Heat-liable soluble factor | Group B streptococcus | ||
TLR7 | Endogenous RNA | ssRNA | Viruses |
TLR8 | Endogenous RNA | ssRNA | Viruses |
TLR9 | Endogenous DNA | Unmethylated CpG motifs | Bacteria and viruses |
Hemozoin | Plasmodium | ||
TLR10 | Unknown | Unknown | Â |