Exosomal cargo | Secreting cell | Recipient cell | Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
EGFRvIII | Glioblastoma cells | Glioblastoma cells | Promotes tumor cell growth | [26] |
Angiogenin, IL-8, VEGF | Glioblastoma cells | Endothelial cells | Promotes tube formation | [75] |
∆Np73 | Colon cancer cells | Colon cancer cells | Promotes tumor cell proliferation and therapy resistance | [27] |
KRAS | Colon cancer cells (mutant KRAS) | Colon cancer cells (wild-type KRAS) | Enhances tumor cell growth | [97] |
MET | Melanoma cells (highly metastatic) | Bone marrow progenitor cells | Promotes tumor growth and metastasis | [39] |
HIF-1α | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells (EBV-positive) | NPC cells (EBV-negative) | Promotes tumor cell migration and invasion | [37] |
αvβ6 Integrin | Prostate cancer cells | Prostate cancer cells | Promotes tumor cell migration | [98] |
Survivin | Cervical cancer cells | Cervical cancer cells | Inhibits genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation | |
Wnt5a | Macrophages | Breast cancer cells | Enhances tumor cell invasion | [100] |
Wnt3a | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma side population (SP) cells | Neighboring non-SP cells | Modulates SP–non-SP transition and promotes tumor progression | [24] |
FasL | Activated CD8+ T cells | Melanoma cells, lung cancer cells | Induces MMP9 expression and promotes lung metastasis | [43] |
IL-6, CCL2, fibronectin | Multiple myeloma (MM) BM-MSCs | MM cells | Promotes tumor cell growth | [29] |
Hsp72 | Murine thymoma, mammary carcinoma, colon carcinoma cells | MDSCs | Induces immunosuppression and enhances tumor growth | [63] |
TF | Squamous cells, colon cancer cells | Endothelial cells | Promotes coagulation | [71] |
CD39, CD73 | Bladder, colorectal, prostate, breast cancer cells | T cells | Induces adenosine production and inhibits T cell activation | [101] |
TGF-β | Mesothelioma, prostate, bladder, colorectal, breast cancer cells | Fibroblasts | Induces myofibroblast differentiation and promotes tumor angiogenesis and growth | |
TGF-β | Prostate cancer, gastric cancer | MSCs | Induces myofibroblast differentiation and promotes angiogenesis and invasiveness | |
TGF-β | Pleural effusions of mesothelioma patients | NK cells, CD8+ T cells | Downregulates NKG2D expression and impairs cell killing activity | [103] |
MICA*008 | Cervical cancer cells | NK cells | Decreases NKG2D expression and reduces NK cytotoxicity | [104] |
TGF-β, PGE2 | Murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells | Bone marrow myeloid cells (CD11b+Ly6G+) | Induces MDSCs accumulation and immunosuppression | [61] |
CCL20 | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells | Regulatory T cells | Recruits and induces Treg conversion | [59] |
KIT | Mast cells | Lung cancer cells | Accelerates cell proliferation | [105] |
KIT | Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cells | Progenitor smooth muscle cells | Increases tumor invasiveness | [40] |
Wnt11 | Fibroblasts | Breast cancer cells | Promotes tumor metastasis | [42] |
MIF | Pancreatic cancer cells | Liver Kupffer cells | Promotes metastasis | [47] |
Hsp70 | Renal cancer cells (murine Renca cell line) | MDSCs | Induces MDSCs activation and enhances tumor growth | [106] |
Adrenomedullin | Pancreatic cancer cells | Adipocytes | Promotes lipolysis | [107] |
S1P, CCL20, PGE2 | Enteropathogenic bacteria-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells | Th17 cells | Promotes the development of colon cancer | [108] |
miR-9 | Lung cancer, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, colorectal cancer cells | Endothelial cells | Induces tumor angiogenesis | [109] |
miR-125b, 130b, 155 | Prostate cancer (PC) cells | PC patient adipose-derived stem cells (pASCs) | Induces neoplastic transformation | [22] |
miR-135b | Multiple myeloma cells (under chronic hypoxia condition) | Endothelial cells | Enhances endothelial tube formation | [36] |
miR-10b | Metastatic breast cancer cells | Mammary epithelial cells | Promotes cell migration | [110] |
miR-92a | Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells | Endothelial cells | Promotes cell migration and tube formation | [35] |
miR-210 | CML cells (under hypoxia condition) | Endothelial cells | Promotes angiogenic activity | [34] |
miR-223 | IL-4-activated macrophages | Breast cancer cells | Promotes cell invasion | [44] |
miR-222 | Drug-resistant breast cancer cells | Drug-sensitive breast cancer cells | Transmits chemoresistance | [111] |
miR-584, 517c, 378 | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells | HCC cells | Promotes HCC cell growth and metastasis | [112] |
miR-21, 29a | Lung cancer cells | Macrophages | Promotes tumor metastasis | [46] |
miR-105 | Metastatic breast cancer cells | Endothelial cells | Destroys tight junction, induces vascular permeability, and promotes metastasis | [33] |
Pre-miRNAs, RISC-loading complex | Breast cancer cells | Non-tumorigenic epithelial cells | Induces cell transformation | [23] |
miR-24-3p, 891a, 106a-5p, 20a-5p, 1908 | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | T cells | Promotes T cell dysfunction and tumor progression | [60] |
miR-221, 222 | Gastric cancer tissue derived MSCs | Gastric cancer cells | Enhances tumor cell migration | [60] |
miR-122 | Breast cancer cells | Lung fibroblasts, brain astrocytes, and neurons | Reprograms systemic energy metabolism and facilitates metastasis | [113] |
miR-23b | Bladder cancer cells (cellular disposal by exosome release) | None | Acquires metastatic potential | [38] |
miR-503 | Endothelial cells | Breast cancer cells | Impairs tumor cell growth | [114] |
miR-140 | Preadipocytes | Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells | Enhances tumorigenesis | [115] |
miR-127, 197, 222, 223 | Bone marrow stromal cells | Breast cancer cells | Decreases cell proliferation and induces cell quiescence | [116] |
TUC339 | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells | HCC cells | Promotes tumor cell growth and inhibits cell adhesion | [81] |
Linc-ROR | HCC cells | HCC cells | Reduces chemotherapy sensitivity | [82] |