Molecular regulator | Signaling pathway | Study |
---|---|---|
Cell surface markers | ||
 K19+ | TGF-β-Smad | Kawai et al. [24] |
 CD44+ | ERK/Snail; | Gao et al. [78] |
 | TGF-β/Smad; Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin | Park et al. [79] |
 CD133+ | NF-kB | Liu et al. [26] |
 CD90+ |  | Yamashita et al. [45] |
 EpCAM |  | Yamashita et al. [45] |
 Vimentin+CD133- |  | Mitra et al. [70] |
Transcription factors | ||
 Nanog | Stat3/Snail | |
 Oct4 | Stat3/Snail | Yin et al. [25] |
 Slug |  | Sun et al. [69] |
 Sox9 | TGF-β/Wnt/β-catenin | Kawai et al. [82] |
Oncogene | ||
 Malestrom | Akt/GSK-3β/Snail | Liu et al. [81] |
Microenvironmental cues | ||
 Hepatic stellate cells | HGF/Met | Yu et al. [91] |
 Tumor-associated macrophages | TGF-β1 | Fan et al. [76] |
 Artemin |  | Zhang et al. [83] |
 Hypoxia | Akt | Zhang et al. [83] |
Twist1/Bmi1 | Liu et al. [92] | |
HIF-1α/Artemin/Akt | Zhang et al. [83] | |
Oxidative stress | ||
 HCV infection | Ca2+ signaling | Iqbal et al. [94] |
 Folate deficiency | miR-22 | Su et al. [95] |
Viral infection | ||
 HCV geneotype 2A | Hypoxia/osteopontin/Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin | Kwon et al. [84] |
Iqbal et al. [94] | ||
miRNA | ||
 miR-200a | Wnt/β-catenin | Liu et al. [87] |
 miR-125b | TGF-β/SMAD2/4 | Zhou et al. [72] |
 miR-148b |  | Liu et al. [88] |
 miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-122, miR-145 | DDX3 | Li et al. [89] |
Sphere formation | Notch | Li et al. [71] |