Fig. 3

TSP-2 induces migration and invasion in human PCa cells. PC-3 (open bar) and DU145 (closed bar) cells were incubation with TSP-2 (10–100 ng/ml) for 24 h, and their abilities of migration (a) and invasion (b) were measured by the transwell assay, and the MMP-2 protein and mRNA expressions as well as its activity were analyzed through immunoblotting (c), real-time PCR (d), and zymography (e) analyses, respectively. PC-3 (open bar) and DU145 (closed bar) cells were pretreated with vehicle control (DMSO) or 2 μM of MMP-2 inhibitor (f and g) for 30 min or transfected with MMP-2 siRNA (h and i), followed by stimulation with or without TSP-2 for another 24 h, and then assessed their migratory (f and h) and invasive (g and i) abilities. Cells without treatments were used as a control (set to 100), and data were shown as multiples of that. Results are shown as the mean ± SEM (n ≥ 3). The one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test was performed, and p ≤ 0.05 showed significance. *p < 0.05 when compared to untreated control; ^# p < 0.05 when compared to the TSP-2-treated group