Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in glioma: a potential new treatment strategy

Table 2 Summary of current PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade agents in clinical trials

Target	Clinical trial identifier	Blockade agent	Phase	Patient population	Design	Study start date	Current stage
PD-1	NCT02550249	Nivolumab	II	Primary and recurrent GBM	Preoperative neoadjuvant	June 2015	Recruiting participants
	NCT02423343	Nivolumab	I/II	Recurrent or refractory NSCLC HCC GBM	Combination with galunisertib	October 2015	Recruiting participants
	NCT02017717 (CheckMate 143)	Nivolumab	III	Recurrent GBM	Alone or in combination with the IPI Compared to bevacizumab	January 2014	Ongoing
	NCT02311920	Nivolumab	I	Primary GBM	IPI and/or NIVO in combination with temozolomide	April 2015	Recruiting participants
	NCT02337491	Pembrolizumab	II	Recurrent GBM	With or without bevacizumab	February 2015	Ongoing
	NCT02311582	Pembrolizumab	I/II	Recurrent GBM	Combination with MRI-guided laser ablation	August 2015	Recruiting participants
	NCT01952769	Pidilizumab	I/II	DIPG and recurrent GBM	Alone	February 2014	Recruiting participants
PD-L1	NCT02336165	MEDI4736	II	Primary and recurrent GBM	Combination with radiotherapy and bevacizumab	February 2015	Recruiting participants
PD-L1	NCT01375842	MPDL3280A	I	Solid tumors (include GBM)	Alone	June 2011	Recruiting participants

This information of clinical trials came from the web site of clinicaltrials.gov (The last search was conducted on October 15, 2016).
Abbreviations: GBM glioblastoma, NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, NIVO nivolumab, IPI ipilimumab, DIPG diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma

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