Table 2 MALAT1-associated clinical and biological features of human cancer (↑ indicates increase; ↓ indicates decrease)

Non-small cell lung cancer

↓ survival of stage I NSCLC patients; ↓ overall survival; ↑ metastasis; ↑ in peripheral blood of NSCLC; ↑ in advanced tumor stages and in lymph-node metastasis

AIM1, LAYN, HMMR, SLC26A2, CCT4, ROD1, CTHRC1,FHL1, CXCL5

↓ migration and invasion in vitro; ↓ tumor growth in vivo; reduction or suppression of metastasis

[123,124,125,126,127,128]

Breast cancer

MALAT1-positive association with estrogen and progesterone receptors’ expression; ↓ recurrence-free survival in ER-negative patients

CD133, HuR; VEGF-A

↓ tumor growth and differentiation into cystic tumors; metastasis reduction; ↓ branching morphogenesis;

↑cell adhesion; ↓ migration

[129,130,131,132] [194]

Hepatocellular carcinoma

↑ risk of HCC recurrence after liver transplantation; ↑ in sera of arsenite-exposed people and of HCC patients; ↑ in III-IV TNM stages; ↓ overall survival of HCC patients

TRF2; p53; HIF2α

↓ in vitro and in vivo tumor growth

[78, 141,142,143,144,145]

Ovarian cancer

Correlation with FIGO stages; ↑ in peripheral blood correlating with distant metastasis

Matrix metalloproteinases; miR-506

↓cell proliferation, migration and invasion; G0/G1 cell cycle arrest; ↑ of apoptosis

[161,162,163,164] [195, 196]

Cervical cancer

↑ lymph-node metastasis; ↓ overall survival

Vimentin, β-catenin and E-cadherin

↓cell viability and proliferation in vitro and in vivo; ↓ migration and invasion

[135,136,137,138,139]

Esophageal cancer

↓ survival of patients undergoing radical resection of middle thoracic ESCC; positive correlation with pT stage and negative correlation with disease-free and overall survival; ↑ lymph nodes metastasis; ↓ disease-free survival

β-catenin; Lin28;

EMT/stemness-related genes (OCT4, E-cadherin)

↓in vitro cell growth; ↓colony formation ability, migratory and invasive capabilities; G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and ↑ of apoptosis; ↓ tumor sphere formation; ↓ tumor formation in vivo

[147, 148]

Renal cell carcinoma

↓ overall survival

Twist, E-cadherin, EZH2, miR-200, ZEB2

↓cell proliferation and invasion

[169,170,171,172]

Prostate cancer

↑ of PSA-positive biopsies; ↑ in bone marrow of CRPC patients

Estrogen receptors (ERα/ERβ); EZH2

↓invasion and migration in vitro and in vivo

[158,159,160]

Osteoarcoma and Ewing sarcoma

↑ in serum correlating with worse overall survival; ↑ in tissues correlating with distant metastasis

E-cadherin, HMGB1; SYK-target genes

↓cell proliferation and migration, cell cycle arrest, ↑ apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo

[79]

[165,166,167,168]

Bladder cancer

↑ metastasis

EMT genes (E-cadherin, N-cadherin)

↓ cell migration and metastasis

[85] [177,178,179]

Brain cancer

Positive association with III-IV WHO grades and tumor size; ↑ MALAT1 in temozolomide-resistant patients; ↓ overall survival

miR-155; FBXW7; ERK/MAPK pathway; MMP2; thymidylate synthase

↓ tumor growth, migration and invasiveness in vitro; in vivo ↓ inhibition of tumor growth in vivo; restoration of temozolomide sensitivity; eradication of GBM stem cells

[180,181,182,183,184,185,186]

Endometroid endometrial carcinoma

Association with FIGO stages

PCDH10-Wnt/β-catenin; miR200c

↓ cell proliferation, migration and invasion

[76, 140]

Gastric cancer

↑ peritoneal metastasis; ↑ distant metastasis; ↓ overall survival of stage III and IV patients

miR-122/IGF-1R axis; PCDH10; miR-23b

↓ cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion; ↑ apoptosis; abrogation of chemoresistance

[149,150,151,152,153]

Colorectal cancer

↑ lymph-node metastases; ↓ overall survival

PRKA kinase anchor protein 9 (AKAP-9); CCL5;

E-cadherin

Abrogation of EMT; reversion of oxaliplatin resistance

[173,174,175,176]

Pancreatic cancer

↑ overall survival; ↓ progression-free survival of patients undergoing gemcitabine-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment for locally advanced or advanced disease

Hippo-YAP1 pathway;

P62, LAMP-2

↓ cell proliferation and migration, ↑ of apoptosis, in vitro and in xenograft murine models in vivo

[154,155,156,157]

Multiple myeloma

↑ MGUS, SMM, MM, and PCL; ↓ circulating MALAT1 in MM patients; ↑ MALAT1 in bone marrow mononuclear cells from MM patients

LTBP3; SP1; NRF1-NRF2/Keap1 pathway; proteasome-associated genes; miR-29b

↓ of in vitro and in vivo tumor growth and induction of apoptosis; ↓ clonogenicity; ↑ sensitivity to bortezomib

[27, 81, 101, 190]

Mantle cell lymphoma

↓ overall survival

p21 and p27 cell cycle inhibitors

↓ of cell proliferation, ↑ sensitivity to apoptosis; cell cycle arrest at G1/S transition

[192]

T cell lymphoma

↓ overall survival

PRC2 components

–

[193]