Cancer type | MT isoforms | Expression | Functions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia | MT | Positive | Resistance-related proteins | [182] |
Acute myeloid leukemia | MT1G, MT1A | Positive | Inversely correlated with PU.1 expression | [183] |
MT3 | Down | Promoter hypermethylation | [154] | |
Adenoid cystic carcinomas of the salivary glands | MT | Up | Myoepithelial differentiation | [184] |
Basal cell carcinoma | MT | Up | Infiltrative growth | [185] |
MT1, MT2 | Up | Promote proliferation: Ki-67 antigen expression | [43] | |
MT3 | Down | Possibly based on DNA methylation | [186] | |
MT3 | Low to moderate expression | Carcinogenesis | [187] | |
Bladder carcinoma | MT | Up | Drug resistance | [188] |
MT2 | Up | Cisplatin resistance | [99] | |
MT3 | Up | Carcinogenesis and increase tumor grade | [189] | |
MT1X | Up | Correlated with tumor grade | [190] | |
MT | Up | Poor survival and cisplatin resistance | [23] | |
Breast cancer | MT3 | Up | Poor prognosis | [130] |
MT2A | Up | Increase invasiveness | [191] | |
MT1E | Present in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer | Myoepithelial differentiation and tumor invasiveness | [191] | |
MT2A | Up | Modulate cell cycle via the ATM/Chk2/cdc25A signaling pathway | [39] | |
MT2A | Up | Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9; enhance cell invasion and migration | [82] | |
MT3 | Up | Increase invasiveness | [83] | |
Cholangiocarcinoma | MT | Partly positive | Poor prognosis | [128] |
Colonic cancer | MT | Up | Promote proliferation | [36] |
MT1F | Down | Loss of heterozygosity | [52] | |
MT1G, MT1X, MT2A | Down | Associated with the depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, and tumor stage | [52] | |
Colorectal cancer | MT2A, MT1B, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1B, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT2A | Down | Poor clinical outcome | [192] |
MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1M, MT1X MT2A | Down | Epigenetic mechanisms | [6] | |
MT2A | Up | Interact with Fas-associated death domain (FADD) in NF-κB pathway to promote cell proliferation | [49] | |
MT1G | Down | Colorectal cancer cell differentiation | [67] | |
Ductal breast cancer | MT1E | High in ER-negative cancer tissues | Mediate effector genes downstream of ER | [193] |
MT1F | Up | Influence histological differentiation | [58] | |
MT2A | Up | Cell proliferation | [41] | |
MT2A | Up | Chemoresistance (doxorubicin) | [59] | |
MT1, MT2 | Up | Increased proliferative potential | [20] | |
MT3 | Down | Epigenetic changes | [88] | |
Endometrial carcinoma | MT1, MT2 | Up | Modify p53 expression | [141] |
MT1E | Down | Promoter hypermethylation | [143] | |
Esophageal adenocarcinoma | MT3 | Down | DNA methylation | [152] |
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | MT | Up | Chemoresistance to cisplatin; poor prognosis | [194] |
MT3 | Down | DNA methylation | [153] | |
MT1G | Down | Gene methylation | [145] | |
MT1G | Down | Promoter hypermethylation | [146] | |
MT1M | Down | DNA methylation; correlated with smoking duration | [195] | |
Gallbladder carcinoma | MT | Up | Histological dedifferentiation | [63] |
Gastric carcinoma | MT3 | Down | Hypermethylation | [151] |
MT1G | Up | Cisplatin resistance | [196] | |
MT1X | Up | Irinotecan resistance | [103] | |
MT | Up | Poor survival and high recurrence rate | [81] | |
MT2A | Down | Inhibit the activation of the NF-κB pathway | [135] | |
MT2A | Down | Be a potential target of miR-23a | [197] | |
MT1D (MTM) | Down | Enhance migration and invasion | [198] | |
MT1M, MT1JP | Down | Associated with tumor diameter, differentiation, lymphatic metastasis, distal metastasis, invasion, and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage | [199] | |
Glioma | MT1E | In proportion to the motility of glioma cell | Enhance tumor proliferation, invasion, and migration through regulation of activation and expression of MMPs | |
Hepatoblastoma | MT1G | Down | Promoter hypermethylation | [147] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | MT1F | Down | Cell growth | [200] |
MT1G | Down | Allelic loss on chromosome 16q12.1-q23.1 | [155] | |
MT1, MT2A | Down | Transcriptional repression: dephosphorylation of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway | [25] | |
MT1X, MT2A | Down | Malignant transformation of hepatocytes; local invasion; hepatitis B virus infection | [201] | |
MT1G | Down | Tumor suppressor gene; promoter hypermethylation | [148] | |
MT1M | Down | Increase NF-κB activity | [142] | |
MT1, MT2 | Down | Promoter hypermethylation and transcriptional repression; prognostic marker | [133] | |
MT1M, MT1G | Down | Promoter methylation | [136] | |
MT1M | Down | Poor prognosis | [134] | |
MT1, MT2 | Down | Associated with the disruption of circadian clock genes | [202] | |
MT1H | Down | Regulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | [8] | |
MT1M | Down | Inhibit tumorigenesis | [203] | |
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | MT1A, MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1IP, MT1X | Down | Hypermethylation | [204] |
Lung cancer | MT1A, MT2A, MT1E, MT1G | Down | Gene methylation | [205] |
Large cell lung cancer | MT1F, MT1G, MT1M, MT1X | Up | Poor prognosis | [206] |
Melanoma | MT | Up | Poor prognosis | |
MT1E | Down | DNA methylation | [144] | |
MT1, MT2 | Up | Intratumoural macrophage infiltration to defect host immune response and metastasis formation | [77] | |
Nasopharyngeal cancer | MT | Up | Cell proliferation | [21] |
Non-small cell lung cancer | MT | Up | Tumor cell proliferation and short survival | [122] |
MT1H | Up | Drug resistance (cisplatin) | [207] | |
MT1, MT2 | Up | Promote proliferation: expressions of Ki-67 and minichromosome maintenance protein-2 (MCM-2) (positive correlation) | [40] | |
MT3 | Up | Pathogenesis | [208] | |
MT1B, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1X | Up | Pathogenesis | [131] | |
MT1F, MT2A | Up | Poor outcome | [131] | |
MT1E | Down | Cell differentiation | [131] | |
Oral squamous cell carcinoma | MT | Up | Poor prognosis | [127] |
MT1A, MT1X, MT3, MT4 | Down | Possible markers for oral carcinogenesis | [209] | |
MT1G | Down | Poor survival | [209] | |
MT1F | Up | Associated with tobacco use | [209] | |
Osteosarcoma | MT1E, MT1H, MT1X, MT2A, MT1B, MT1G, MT1L | Up | Drug resistance | [210] |
Ovarian cancer | MT1, MT2 | Up | Mutant p53; histological grade | [22] |
MT2A | Up | Inhibit cell death | [211] | |
MT1L, MT1X, MT2A | Up | Low malignant potential or early cancer onset | [212] | |
Pancreatic carcinoma | MT | Partly positive | Metastasis, poor prognosis, and poor histological grade | [62] |
Papillary thyroid carcinoma | MT1G | Down | Promoter hypermethylation | [149] |
MT1E, MT1G, MT1X, MT2A | Down | Promoter methylation and transcriptional repression | [7] | |
MT1G | Down | Modulate the activity of the PI3K/AKT and Rb/E2F pathways | [89] | |
Prostate cancer | MT3 | Highly variable increase | Control prostate epithelial cell growth | [213] |
MT1X | Down | Advanced prostate cancer | [214] | |
MT2A | Up | Inhibit cell death | [211] | |
MT3 | Up | Inhibit cell growth and increase drug resistance | [53] | |
MT1G | Down | Promoter hypermethylation | [150] | |
MT1F, MT1M | Down | Associated with perineural invasion | [215] | |
MT1H | Down | Enhance the histone methyltransferase activity of euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) | [26] | |
MT2A | Down | Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); metal accumulation | [14] | |
MT3 | Depend on cell type | Increase cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenic activities | [104] | |
MT1E | Down | DNA methylation | [10] | |
Renal cell cancer | MT | Up | Tumor grade | [64] |
MT2A | Up | Stimulate cellular proliferation | [216] | |
MT1A, MT1G | Down | Growth arrest and induction of apoptosis | [216] | |
MT1A, MT1E, MT1G, MT1H, MT1L | Down | Tumorigenesis | [217] | |
MT1H, MT1G, MT2A | Down | Promoter methylation | [45] | |
Salivary gland adenocarcinoma | MT | Up | High immunoreactivity and microenvironment remodeling | [90] |
Serous ovarian cancer | MT | Up | Diagnosis of malignancy and worse prognosis | [218] |
Small cell lung cancer | MT | 45% positive | P53 expression and short-term survival | [121] |
Soft tissue sarcoma | MT | Up | Ki-67 expression, grade of malignancy, and prognostic appraisal | [44] |
MT2A, MT1X, MT1F, MT1H | Up | Metastasis | [219] | |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue | MT | Positive | Delay cells entering apoptosis | [220] |
MT | Positive | Correlated with depth of invasion, vascular invasion, and lymph node metastasis | [221] | |
Testicular cancer | MT | Up | Chemoresistance | [222] |
MT | Up | Early diagnosis | [115] | |
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder | MT | Up | Poor survival | [126] |