Fig. 2

Potential applications of organoids in tumor modeling, drug development, and regeneration medicine. Organoid technology can be exploited to model human cancers (a), and gene-profiling analyses (b) of tumoroids and corresponding healthy organoids promote the identification of novel targeted therapies. Organoids can also promote the development of anti-tumor drugs, including efficacy testing (c) and toxicity testing (d). In addition, organoids can be a potential candidate in regeneration medicine for the replacement of irreversibly progressively diseased organs with healthy organoids (e). Besides, organoids can also be cryopreserved for academic studies (f)