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Table 1 Growth factors and small molecule inhibitors applied in organoid cultures

From: Organoid technology and applications in cancer research

 

Function

Growth factors

 EGF

â—† A well-known growth factor for epithelial tissues;

â—† EGF, binding to EGF receptors, induces hyperplasic changes;

â—† EGF promotes tumor growth through stimulating the proliferation of cancer cells.

 FGF10

â—† FGF10/FGF receptor 2IIIb axis is important for the organ development, including the stomach, liver, breast, and prostate;

â—† FGF10 promotes migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells and drives tumorigenesis of breast cancer;

 FGF7

â—† FGF7/FGF receptor 2 signaling promotes growth, invasion, and migration of tumors.

 HGF

â—† HGF/Met signaling promoted oncogenesis, tumor angiogenesis, tumor invasion of multiple tumor types;

 Wnt

â—† A master regulator in regulation of cell development, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and polarity;

â—† The aberrant activation of Wnt signaling promotes carcinogenesis and progression of cancers.

 Noggin

â—† An inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins that modulates cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis;

â—† Noggin promotes bone metastasis of some cancers and is associated with tumorigenesis of primary bone malignancies.

 R-spondin-1

â—† The ligand of Lgr5 and a niche factor that is required for the self-renewal of stem cells and activates Wnt signaling;

â—† R-spondin-1facilitates the growth and metastasis of cancer cells.

 Gastrin

â—† Gastrin stimulates tumor growth through promoting the proliferation and suppressing the apoptosis of cancer cells;

 Prostaglandin E2

â—† Prostaglandin E2 promotes angiogenesis in gastric cancer through the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor.

 Nicotinamide

â—† Vitamin PP is a nutrient that is required for long-term culture of organoids.

 Neuregulin 1

â—† It is a ligand of human EGF receptor tyrosine kinases-3 and -4;

â—† It is involved in mammary development and tumorigenesis.

Molecule inhibitors

 Y27632

â—† A Rho kinase inhibitor that effectively reduces the anoikis of dissociated stem cells;

â—† Y27632 improves culture media and promotes proliferation of tumor epithelial cells for long-term in vitro;

 A-83-01

â—† A transforming growth factor-beta inhibitor;

â—† Transforming growth factor-beta inhibitor suppresses the proliferation of organoids;

 SB202190

â—† It is a p38 inhibitor and suppresses the proliferation and migration of cancer cells;

â—† High concentration of SB202190 contributes to relatively lower efficiency of the establishment of breast tumoroids.