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Table 2 Ligands and functions of Tim-3 on different immune cells

From: Tim-3 expression and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma

Ligands

Location of Tim-3

Functions

Gal-9

CD8+ T cells

Dysfunction and apoptosis [76]

Th1 cells

1. Th1 cell death [12]

2. Expansion of granulocytic MDSCs and MDSC-mediated immunosuppression [72]

Treg

Cross-regulation between Th17 and Treg cells [93]

Monocytes

Reduced phagocytic activity and HLA-DR expression [46]

Macrophages

M2 polarization [15]

NK

Enhanced IFN-γ production [19]

PtdSer

Macrophages

Elimination of apoptosis cells and cross-presentation [17]

DCs

Elimination of apoptosis cells and cross-presentation [17]

HMGB1

CD8+ T cell

Prevent HMGB1-mediated T cell activation [94]

DCs

Interfere with the recruitment of nucleic acids into DC endosomes [18]

CEACAM1

T cells

T cell exhaustion and tolerance [13, 95]