Table 1 Biomarkers associated with tumor-associated macrophages
Characteristics | Function | Expression | Detection | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | In situ | In vitro | ||||
Biomarkers | MMP2/9 | Matrix metalloproteinase | − | + | IHC | Digestion | [31] |
B7-H4 | Inhibiting costimulatory molecule | − | + | IHC | Flowcytometry | [32] | |
STAT-3 | Transcription factor | − | + | IHC | Flowcytometry | [33] | |
iNOS | Nitric oxide synthase | + | − | IHC | N/A | [34] | |
HLA-DR | Antigen presentation molecule | + | + | IHC | Flowcytometry | [35] | |
CDs | CD68 | Glycoprotein for adherence | + | + | IHC | Flowcytometry | [30] |
CD14 | LPS co-receptor | + | + | IHC | Flowcytometry | [30] | |
CD163 | Scavenger receptor hemoglobulin | − | ++ | IHC | Flowcytometry | [30] | |
CD206 | Mannose receptor | + | ++ | N/A | Flowcytometry | [30] | |
CD204 | Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 | + | + | IHC | N/A | [36] | |
Cytokines | IL-12p70 | Interleukin | ++ | − | IHC | ELISA | [37] |
IL-10 | Interleukin | + | ++ | IHC | ELISA | [37] | |