From: Cancer-associated fibroblasts: an emerging target of anti-cancer immunotherapy
Marker | Cell origins | Immune functions | Tumorigenic functions | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
α-SMA | Normal fibroblasts, quiescent stellate cells | Macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization, MDSCs and Tregs recruitment and differentiation, T cell anergy, NK cell inactivation, DCs tolerance and immaturation, TH2 and N2 polarization | Immuno-suppression, ECM remodeling, tumor cell proliferation, metabolic reprogramming, cancer stemness | [5, 7, 8, 49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90] |
FAP | Normal fibroblasts, quiescent stellate cells | T cell anergy, NK cells inactivation, TH2 polarization, MDSCs and Tregs recruitment | Immuno-suppression, ECM remodeling, tumor progression and metastasis | |
S100A4 | Epithelial cells, endothelial cells | Macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization | Immuno-suppression, ECM remodeling, carcinogenesis | [106] |
PDGFRα/β | Normal fibroblasts, BMSCs, pericytes, vascular smooth muscular cells | T cell anergy and apoptosis | Immuno-suppression, tumor growth | [105] |
PDPN | Epithelial cells | T cell anergy, macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization, Tregs recruitment | Immuno-suppression, tumor growth | |
CD90 | Â | T cell exhaustion | Immuno-suppression, tumor cell migration | |
Collagen I | Fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscular cells | Macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization | Immuno-suppression, ECM remodeling, angiogenesis | [111] |