Subtype | Signaling | Tumor type | Effect | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Effective immunocyte exclusion and dysfunction | β-Catenin | Melanoma | Decreased T cell infiltration | 18, 21, 22 |
Inhibition of IFN-γ production by CTLs | 23 | |||
Upregulating the expression and activity of IDO by DCs | 24 | |||
STAT3 | Lung cancer | Inhibition of CCL5 and CXCL10 production to decrease T cell infiltration | 25, 26, 28 | |
PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR | Breast, prostate, and lung cancer, gliomas | Regulation of PD-L1 expression to induce T cell dysfunction | 29, 31–33 | |
Triple-negative breast cancer | Decreased T cell infiltration, regulation of PD-L1 expression | 30 | ||
Multiple cancers | Decreased the therapeutic efficacy of an E7-specific vaccine or CD8+ T cell adoptive transfer | 34 | ||
p53 | Liver carcinoma | Increased recruitment and activation of innate immune cells | 37,38 | |
Triple-negative breast cancer | Regulation of T cell infiltration | 39 | ||
NF-κB | Epithelial ovarian cancer | Immunosuppression of DCs and macrophages | 42 | |
Colitis-associated cancer, cervical cancer, etc. | Increased T cell infiltration and activation | 43–46 | ||
RAS/RAF/MAPK | Lung adenocarcinoma, RAS mutant cancer | Inducing PD-L1 expression | 47, 48 | |
Melanoma | Suppression of DC function | 50, 51 | ||
Melanoma | Inhibiting the recognition of tumor cell antigens by tumor-infiltrated T lymphocytes | 52 | ||
Melanoma | Suppression of proliferation and function of specific cytotoxic T cells | 53 | ||
GBE1 | Lung adenocarcinoma | Decreased T cell infiltration | 54 | |
KRAS/MYC | KRAS-mutant tumor | Exclusion of B, T, and NK cells | 55 | |
EGFR | Non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer | Upregulation of PD-L1 expression | 56–60 | |
VEGFR | Chronic myeloid leukemia | Inhibited NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance | 61 | |
Recruitment and differentiation of immunosuppressive cells | PI3K/PTEN/AKT | Breast, pancreatic, and lung carcinomas | Recruitment of macrophages and polarization of TAMs | 70–72 |
Sarcomas | Enhanced infiltrating myeloid-derived hematopoietic cells | 73 | ||
Prostate cancer | Increased expansion and infiltration of MDSCs | 74,75 | ||
RAS/RAF/MAPK | KRAS-driven lung tumorigenesis, melanoma | Increased Treg infiltration | 76,78 | |
BRAFi-resistant melanoma | Increased MDSC infiltration | 77 | ||
KRAS | KRAS-driven non-small cell lung cancer | Accumulation of TANs | 79 | |
KRAS-mutant tumor | Recruitment of proangiogenic macrophages | 55 | ||
CCRK/mTOR | Obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma | Recruitment of MDSCs | 80 | |
RAGE | Pancreatic carcinogenesis | Accumulation of MDSCs | 81 | |
TLR9 | Prostate cancer | Expansion and activation of G-MDSCs | 82 | |
p53 loss-of-function | Late stage metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer | Accumulation of MDSCs | 83 | |
IDO | Advanced cancer | Generation and activation of MDSCs and Tregs | 64 | |
CD200/CD200R | Chemical skin carcinogenesis | Influencing the ratio of Treg/Th17 cells | 84, 85 | |
STAT3 | Hematopoietic system | Recruiting and promoting the proliferation of Tregs | 86, 87 | |
COX2 | Wilms' tumor | Increased Treg infiltration | 90 | |
c-MET | Melanoma | Increased TAN infiltration | 91 |