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Table 1 The influence of different tumor-intrinsic signaling pathways in different cancers

From: Tumor-intrinsic signaling pathways: key roles in the regulation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment

Subtype

Signaling

Tumor type

Effect

Ref

Effective immunocyte exclusion and dysfunction

β-Catenin

Melanoma

Decreased T cell infiltration

18, 21, 22

Inhibition of IFN-γ production by CTLs

23

Upregulating the expression and activity of IDO by DCs

24

STAT3

Lung cancer

Inhibition of CCL5 and CXCL10 production to decrease T cell infiltration

25, 26, 28

PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR

Breast, prostate, and lung cancer, gliomas

Regulation of PD-L1 expression to induce T cell dysfunction

29, 31–33

Triple-negative breast cancer

Decreased T cell infiltration, regulation of PD-L1 expression

30

Multiple cancers

Decreased the therapeutic efficacy of an E7-specific vaccine or CD8+ T cell adoptive transfer

34

p53

Liver carcinoma

Increased recruitment and activation of innate immune cells

37,38

Triple-negative breast cancer

Regulation of T cell infiltration

39

NF-κB

Epithelial ovarian cancer

Immunosuppression of DCs and macrophages

42

Colitis-associated cancer, cervical cancer, etc.

Increased T cell infiltration and activation

43–46

RAS/RAF/MAPK

Lung adenocarcinoma, RAS mutant cancer

Inducing PD-L1 expression

47, 48

Melanoma

Suppression of DC function

50, 51

Melanoma

Inhibiting the recognition of tumor cell antigens by tumor-infiltrated T lymphocytes

52

Melanoma

Suppression of proliferation and function of specific cytotoxic T cells

53

GBE1

Lung adenocarcinoma

Decreased T cell infiltration

54

KRAS/MYC

KRAS-mutant tumor

Exclusion of B, T, and NK cells

55

EGFR

Non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer

Upregulation of PD-L1 expression

56–60

VEGFR

Chronic myeloid leukemia

Inhibited NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance

61

Recruitment and differentiation of immunosuppressive cells

PI3K/PTEN/AKT

Breast, pancreatic, and lung carcinomas

Recruitment of macrophages and polarization of TAMs

70–72

Sarcomas

Enhanced infiltrating myeloid-derived hematopoietic cells

73

Prostate cancer

Increased expansion and infiltration of MDSCs

74,75

RAS/RAF/MAPK

KRAS-driven lung tumorigenesis, melanoma

Increased Treg infiltration

76,78

BRAFi-resistant melanoma

Increased MDSC infiltration

77

KRAS

KRAS-driven non-small cell lung cancer

Accumulation of TANs

79

KRAS-mutant tumor

Recruitment of proangiogenic macrophages

55

CCRK/mTOR

Obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma

Recruitment of MDSCs

80

RAGE

Pancreatic carcinogenesis

Accumulation of MDSCs

81

TLR9

Prostate cancer

Expansion and activation of G-MDSCs

82

p53 loss-of-function

Late stage metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer

Accumulation of MDSCs

83

IDO

Advanced cancer

Generation and activation of MDSCs and Tregs

64

CD200/CD200R

Chemical skin carcinogenesis

Influencing the ratio of Treg/Th17 cells

84, 85

STAT3

Hematopoietic system

Recruiting and promoting the proliferation of Tregs

86, 87

COX2

Wilms' tumor

Increased Treg infiltration

90

c-MET

Melanoma

Increased TAN infiltration

91