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Table 2 Comparison of different TCR-based immunotherapy strategies with CAR-T therapy

From: Targeting cancers through TCR-peptide/MHC interactions

Name

Structure

Antigen recognized

MHC restricted

Advantages

Disadvantages

References

TCR-T

TCR-engineered T cells

peptide/MHC

Yes

• sensitive recognition

• strong signaling transduction through integrated T cell signaling pathway

• long time persistence with memory immunity for years

• applicable for all TCRs

• MHC-restricted

• complicated in vitro preparation for each patient and technique-demanding

• potential TCRs mismatch

• costly

103-118

ImmTAC

TCR-anti CD3 scFv conjugate

peptide/MHC

Yes

• off-the-shelf

• easy to penetrate in vivo

• activate normal T cells through anti-CD3 signaling pathway

• No TCRs mismatch

• MHC-restricted

• restricted to limited number of TCRs with solubility

• half life in serum is hours

• clinical effect needs verification

121,124,125,126

scTCR/IL2

scTCR-IL-2 fusion protein

peptide/MHC

Yes

• off-the-shelf

• easy to penetrate in vivo

• activate multiple types of immune cells through paracrine nature of IL-2/IL-2R signaling pathway

• no system toxicity of IL-2

• MHC-restricted

• restricted to limited number of TCRs with solubility

• half life in serum is hours

• clinical effect needs verification

127-130

scTCR/IgG1

scTCR-Fc conjugate

peptide/MHC

Yes

• off-the-shelf

• easy to penetrate in vivo

• activate NK, macrophages, monocytes through FC/FcR interaction (ADCC)

• MHC-restricted

• restricted to limited number of TCRs with solubility

• half life in serum is hours

• clinical effect needs verification

131

CAR-T

Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells

surface antigen

No

• not MHC-restricted

• high affinity of recognition

• strong signaling transduction through CD3ζ signaling pathway

• long time persistence with memory immunity for years

• restricted to cell surface antigens

• Complicated in vitro preparation process for each patient and technique-demanding

• costly

1,2,5-10