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Table 2 Cancer organoid models: published reports

From: Emerging organoid models: leaping forward in cancer research

Tumor organoid model

Cell derived

Research means

Achievement

Refs

Breast cancer organoids

Patient

Quantitative optical imaging

Predict the therapeutic response of anti-tumor drug in individual patients

[23]

Mice

Organoid culture and xenotransplantation

Identify an early dissemination and metastasis mechanism for Her2+ breast cancer

[24]

Liver cancer organoids

Patient

Organoid culture and xenotransplantation

Establishment of hepatocellular carcinoma organoids from needle biopsies, and cancer organoids maintain the genomic features of the original tumors for up to 32 weeks

[11]

Gastric cancer organoids

Patient

Whole-genome sequencing

Identify mutated driver genes of promoting escape from anoikis in organoid culture

[25]

Murine

Gene editing

First reveal the potential metastatic role of TGFBR2 loss-of-function in diffuse gastric cancer

[26]

Colorectal cancer organoids

Human stem cell

CRISPR-Cas9

Verify the deficient of key DNA repair gene MLH1 role in drives tumorigenesis

[27]

Human stem cell

CRISPR-Cas9 and orthotopic transplantation

Visualize the different steps of the in vivo CRC metastatic cascade

[28]

Prostate cancer organoids

Patient, Mouse

Organoid culture and xenotransplantation

Show the role of nucleoporins in the progression of pancreatic cancer

[29]

Patient

Organoid culture and xenotransplantation

Maintain prostate cancer-specific mutations and are suitable for in vitro and in vivo drug testing

[30]

Pancreatic cancer organoids

Patient

Organoid culture

The treatment profiles are parallel to the patient’s outcomes and the chemo-sensitivity of patient can be assessed

[31]

Patient

Tumor organoids co-culture with stromal cells

Evaluate cancer-stroma cell interactions

[32]

Glioblastoma organoids

Patient

Organoid culture and xenotransplantation

Patient-derived organoids display histological features and recapitulate the hypoxic gradients in vivo

[33]