Table 1 Differences in DNA methylation and histone modification levels between young and aged HSCs
From: Mechanisms and rejuvenation strategies for aged hematopoietic stem cells
| Â | Alterations with age | Functions | Author and year |
|---|---|---|---|
DNA methylation | |||
 DNMT1 | Downregulated | Myeloid skewing and self-renewal defects | Beerman et al. 2013 [10] Sun et al. 2014 [58] Trowbridge et al. 2009 [76] Broske et al. 2009 [75] |
 DNMT3A | Downregulated | Lead to an increase in self-renewal with age at the expense of differentiation | Beerman et al. 2013 [10] Sun et al. 2014 [58] Challen et al. 2014 [77] |
 DNMT3B | Downregulated | Lead to an even more severe arrest of HSC differentiation | Sun et al. 2014 [58] Challen et al. 2014 [77] |
 TET1 | Downregulated | Enhance HSC self-renewal; increase B cell production; develop B cell malignancies | Sun et al. 2014 [58] Cimmino et al. 2015 [73] |
 TET2 | Downregulated | Attenuate differentiation and lead to myeloid transformation and myeloid malignancies | Busque et al. 2012 [82] Ko et al. 2011 [78] |
 5-mC | Not studied | Hypermethylation at promoters associated with lineage potential | Beerman et al. 2013 [10] Oshima et al. 2014 [80] |
Not studied | Hypermethylation selectively targeting PRC2 and PU.1-binding sites | Beerman et al. 2013 [10] Sun et al. 2014 [58] Oshima et al. 2014 [80] | |
Not studied | Hypomethylation at the HSC fingerprint genes and rRNA genes | Busque et al. 2012 [82] Oshima et al. 2014 [80] | |
 5-hmC | Downregulated | Not studied | Sun et al. 2014 [58] |
Histone modification | |||
 H3K4me3 | Upregulated | Alter promoter usage and upregulate some genes (Selp, Nupr1, and Sdpr) | Sun et al. 2014 [58] |
 H3K27me3 | Upregulated | Alter promoter usage and downregulate Flt3 expression with age | Sun et al. 2014 [58] |
 H4K16ac | Downregulated | Downregulate nuclear polarity with age | Florian et al. 2012 [59] Grigoryan et al. 2018 [83] |
 H3K27ac | Downregulated | Link to leukocyte activation and apoptotic signaling | Grigoryan et al. 2018 [83] Adelman et al. 2019 [15] |
 H3K9me2 | Downregulated | Anchor lamina-associated domains to nuclear lamin A/C | Grigoryan et al. 2018 [83] Towbin et al. 2012 [84] |
 H3K4me1 | Downregulated | Link to myeloid and erythroid differentiation and functions | Adelman et al. 2019 [15] |
 H3K23ac | Upregulated | Not studied | Cheung et al. 2018 [85] |
 H2BS14ph | Upregulated | Not studied | Cheung et al. 2018 [85] |
 H3K9me2 | Upregulated | Not studied | Cheung et al. 2018 [85] |