Fig. 1

Hypoxia influences the secretion and non-coding RNA cargos of exosomes. Legend: Extracellular components enter cells through endocytosis along with the plasma membrane, leading to the formation of early endosomes and late endosomes (MVBs). Some molecules like ESCRT machinery, ALIX, tetraspanins, and ceramides are involved in this process. Several Rab GTPases are associated with MVBs transporting to the plasma membrane. Then, exosomes with specific cargos are released through exocytosis. Hypoxia triggers the alteration in gene expression of HIFs or other signaling pathways, which may impact exosome biogenesis and cargo sorting by regulating these molecules. Besides, non-coding RNAs binding with some RNA binding proteins like hnRNPA2B1, YB1, NSNU2, or Ago2 might be favorably sorted into exosomes