Fig. 3
From: Non-coding RNAs shuttled via exosomes reshape the hypoxic tumor microenvironment
Hypoxic tumor-derived circulating exosomal non-coding RNAs in liquid biopsy. Legend: Exosomes are present in diverse biofluids including blood, cerebrospinal fluids, saliva, milk, peritoneal fluid, urine, and synovial fluid. Exosomes can be isolated from these biofluids, and non-coding RNAs are then analyzed for diagnostic or prognosis markers. As illustrated on the right side of the figure, various methods have been developed to isolate exosomes with different advantages and disadvantages each (ultracentrifugation: high sample capacity, minor impacts on exosomal components; time consuming, facility dependent. Polymer-based precipitation reagents: simple steps, possible for small sample volume, high yield; expensive reagents, low purity; immunoaffinity capture: high purity and specificity; expensive reagent, low yield, antibody dependent; density gradient separation: high purity; complicated procedures, low yield, facility dependent. Ultrafiltration: less time consuming; low purity and integrity)