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Table 1 Non-coding RNAs shuttled via exosomes in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment

From: Non-coding RNAs shuttled via exosomes reshape the hypoxic tumor microenvironment

Non-coding RNA

Cancer type

Exosome isolation method

NcRNA identification method

Donor cell

Recipient cell

Function

Mechanism

Ref.

miR-21

glioma

ultracentrifugation

RNA-sequencing

cancer cell

MDSC

promote MDSC expansion and activation

regulating PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis

[81]

oral squamous cell carcinoma

commercial kit

RNA-sequencing

cancer cell

γδT-cell

stimulate γδT-cell expansion and function

inducing PD-L1 expression though targeting PTEN

[82]

oral squamous cell carcinoma

commercial kit

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

cancer cell

promote migration and invasion

inducing EMT

[72]

lung cancer

ultracentrifugation

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

cancer cell

promote chemoresistance

downregulating PTEN and PI3K/ATK pathway

[83]

miR-21-3p

ovarian cancer

commercial kit

miRNA microarray

cancer cell

macrophage

induce M2 polarization

regulating SOCS4/5/STAT3 pathway

[84]

miR-210

leukemia

commercial kit

miRNA microarray

cancer cell

endothelial cell

promote angiogenesis

NA

[37]

breast cancer

ultracentrifugation& commercial kit

qRT-PCR

cancer stem cell

cancer cell

promote proliferation, Invasion and self-renewal ability

targeting E-cadherin

[67, 85]

lung cancer

commercial kit

miRNA microarray

BMSC

cancer cell

promote metastasis

inducing STAT3 driven EMT

[86]

miR-23a

liver cancer

ultracentrifugation

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

endothelial cell

promote angiogenesis

targeting SIRT-1

[97]

lung cancer

commercial kit

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

endothelial cell

promote angiogenesis and increase vascular permeability

inhibiting PHD1 and PHD2 expression, thus enhancing HIF-1α signaling and inhibiting tight junction protein ZO-1

[71]

lung cancer

ultracentrifugation

miRNA microarray

cancer cell

NK cell

impair NK cell cytotoxicity and NK cell function

targeting CD107a

[35]

lncRNA UCA1

bladder cancer

commercial kit

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

cancer cell

promote migration and invasion, increase tumor growth and progression

inducing EMT

[73]

miR-25-3p

breast cancer

commercial kit

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

cancer cell &macrophage

promote proliferation and migration

stimulating IL-6 secretion from macrophages via NF-κB pathway

[88]

miR10a

glioma

ultracentrifugation

RNA-sequencing

cancer cell

MDSC

promote MDSC expansion and activation

regulating RORA/IκBα/NF-κB axis

[81]

miR-1273f

hepatocellular carcinoma

ultracentrifugation

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

cancer cell

promote proliferation

inhibiting LHX6/Wnt/β-catenin pathway

[89]

linc-RoR

hepatocellular carcinoma

commercial kit

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

cancer cell

promote proliferation and increase chemoresistance

Inducing phosphorylation of p70S6K1 (RPS6KB1), PDK1 and HIF-1α protein expression and decreasing miR-145

[90, 91]

miR-193a-3p

lung cancer

commercial kit

miRNA microarray

BMSC

cancer cell

promote metastasis

inducing STAT3 driven EMT

[86]

miR-5100

lung cancer

commercial kit

miRNA microarray

BMSC

cancer cell

promote metastasis

inducing STAT3 driven EMT

[86]

miR-494

lung cancer

ultracentrifugation

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

endothelial cell

promote angiogenesis

downregulating PTEN and activating Akt/eNOS pathway

[92]

let7a

melanoma

ultracentrifugation

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

macrophage

induce M2 polarization of infiltrating myeloid cells and enhance mitochondrial OXPHOS

downregulating insulin-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway

[93]

miR-135b

multiple myeloma

commercial kit

miRNA microarray

cancer cell

endothelial cell

promote angiogenesis

targeting FIH

[94]

miR-24-3p

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

ultracentrifugation

miRNA Microarray

cancer cell

T-cell

inhibit T cell proliferation and differentiation

repressing FGF11, up-regulating p-ERK, p-STAT1, p-STA3, down-regulating p-STAT5

[95]

miR-125b-5p

ovarian cancer

commercial kit

miRNA Microarray

cancer cell

macrophage

induce M2 polarization

regulating SOCS4/5/STAT3 pathway

[84]

miR-181d-5p

ovarian cancer

commercial kit

miRNA Microarray

cancer cell

macrophage

induce M2 polarization

regulating SOCS4/5/STAT3 pathway

[84]

miR-940

ovarian cancer

commercial kit

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

macrophage

induce M2 polarization of MDSC

NA

[36]

miR-223

ovarian cancer

commercial kit

qRT-PCR

macrophage

cancer cell

promote drug resistance

inactivating PI3K/AKT pathway through targeting PTEN

[96]

miR-301a-3p

pancreatic cancer

commercial kit

qRT-PCR

cancer cell

macrophage

induce M2 polarization

downregulating PTEN expression and activating PI3Kγ signaling pathway

[97]