From: Emerging agents that target signaling pathways in cancer stem cells
Name | Target | Mechanism | Type of cancer | Phase | NCT number (starting time)/publication date | Assessment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CQ | Autophagy | Targets CSCs by inhibiting autophagy | Breast cancer | Phase II | NCT02333890 (January 7, 2015) | Induces cardiotoxicity [117] |
Autophagy | Inhibits the stemness marker of CD133+ and decreases the CSC proportions | NSCLC | Preclinical | December, 2019 | ||
HCQ | Autophagy | Eliminates LSCs | Leukemia | Phase II | NCT00771056 (October 10, 2008) | Induces retinal toxicity [118] |
Pantoprazole | Autophagy | Inhibits autophagy | Prostate cancer | Phase II | NCT01748500(December 12, 2012) | DLT, grade 3 to 4 [119] |
EMT/β-catenin | Inhibits the chemoresistance of gastric cancer stem cells | Gastric cancer | Preclinical | December, 2016 | ||
3-MA | Autophagy | Reduces the resistance of mesenchymal stem cells | Myeloma | Preclinical | September, 2017 | No significant side effect [120] |
Rott | Autophagy | Induces autophagy leading to breast CSC death | Breast cancer | Preclinical | December 23, 2013 | Without toxicity in the mice [121] |