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Fig. 1 | Journal of Hematology & Oncology

Fig. 1

From: Recent advances in CAR-T cell engineering

Fig. 1

Innovation orientation and goals for transforming CAR-T cell engineering. Each cell in the inner rings with black letters represents an orientation of CAR-T cell transformation. The emerging benefits are shown in the outer rings with white letters. Clearly, in addition to improving the efficacy, the bulk of these endeavors consists of identifying the appropriate targets of the ectodomain and improving manufacturing to increase the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy toward more diseases and ensure that is faster, safer, and more economical to satisfy more patients’ needs. After discovering the vital role of a costimulation domain choice, the importance of the transmembrane and hinge domains, as recently discovered, must be considered, as these choices affect binding and active signal transduction. As shown in this figure, substantial efforts have been devoted to develop fourth-generation and next-generation CAR-T cells. Additional areas of research were added to overcome the TME (one of the major causes of resistance to traditional CAR-T cell therapy, particularly in solid tumors). Fourth-generation and next-generation CAR-T cells are an effective tool to reconstruct the immune system of patients after the elimination of tumor cells

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