Fig. 4
From: Modeling neoplastic disease with spheroids and organoids
Potential research and clinical applications of organoids. Organoids derived from patients’ tumors with different subtypes and/or grading can be expanded and cryopreserved to create a living organoid biobank. Patient-derived organoids generated from tumors and healthy tissues can be genetically characterized and compared. They can also be used for personalized drug discovery and drug toxicity studies. Gene editing technologies can be used to study the role of mutational processes in the tumorigenesis in specific organs. Organoids resemble the heterogeneous cytoarchitecture found in vivo and advanced microscopy techniques can be used to follow the dynamic processes of organoid development and maturation