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Table 4 Univariate associations of selected variables with risk of hospitalization and mortality

From: A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward

 

Hospitalized vs non-hospitalized

n = 58

Mortality (dead vs alive)

n = 58

OR [95% CI] or median NH/H

p value

OR [95% CI] or median dead/alive

p value

Demographics

 Age (> 70 years)

7.74 [1.51–78.12]

0.007

1.32 [0.29–5.47]

0.744

 Sex (male)

3.7 [1.08–13.81]

0.030

1.33 [0.34–5.48]

0.762

 Race (non-White)

1.87 [0.55–6.51]

0.275

10.49 [1.35–481.76]

0.011

 Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)

1.98 [0.56–7.72]

0.272

2.04 [0.5–8.4]

0.340

Comorbidities

 High cardiovascular risk profile (≥ 2 of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes)

3.42 [1.01–12.4]

0.032

2.46 [0.59–12.43]

0.221

  Hypertension

1.38 [0.4–4.73]

0.585

2.5 [0.55–15.93]

0.220

  Hyperlipidemia

2.24 [0.66–7.81]

0.170

4.88 [0.92–49.98]

0.057

  Diabetes

6.18 [1.19–62.84]

0.016

1.07 [0.2–4.67]

1.000

 Coronary artery disease

Inf [1.64–Inf]

0.009

2.49 [0.43–13.07]

0.233

 Stroke

∞ [0.58–∞]

0.145

2.24 [0.17–22.05]

0.585

 Congestive heart failure

∞ [0.96–∞]

0.037

5.26 [0.76–41.93]

0.051

 Current or former smoker

1.98 [0.56–7.72]

0.272

2.04 [0.5–8.4]

0.340

 Lung disease (COPD, emphysema, asthma, bronchiectasis)

1.28 [0.29–6.69]

1.000

0.57 [0.05–3.3]

0.711

 Chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 60 mL/min)

1.13 [0.28–5.06]

1.000

0.82 [0.12–3.97]

1.000

 History of other malignancy

2.59 [0.23–135.24]

0.640

5.51 [0.56–73.43]

0.085

Number of comorbidities

1/3

0.011

2/3.5

0.055

Concomitant medications

 Anticoagulation

3.77 [0.69–39.19]

0.108

1.78 [0.32–8.51]

0.457

 ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker

1.73 [0.52–6.06]

0.416

2.81 [0.7–12.6]

0.126

 Beta blocker

9.63 [1.89–97.14]

0.002

2.35 [0.58–9.72]

0.203

 Metformin

5.85 [0.69–278.29]

0.133

0.35 [0.01–3.08]

0.431

 Statin

12.06 [2.78–76.13]

< 0.001

6.21 [1.37–39.77]

0.012

 Aspirin

0.97 [0.28–3.23]

1.000

0.92 [0.23–3.83]

1.000

 NSAID

1.23 [0.06–76.27]

1.000

1.6 [0.03–33.14]

1.000

 Oral corticosteroids

1.66 [0.51–5.61]

0.420

2.69 [0.65–13.59]

0.139

Disease characteristics

 Light chain disease

2.09 [0.44–13.55]

0.342

1.19 [0.26–4.88]

1.000

 High risk cytogenetics

1.49 [0.43–5.52]

0.577

1.44 [0.33–6.03]

0.747

 Current response status

  sCR or CR

0.2 [0.04–0.8]

0.013

0.4 [0.04–2.23]

0.317

Current MM treatment regimen

 Contains CD38 mAb

0.9 [0.27–2.95]

1.000

0.75 [0.18–2.96]

0.762

 Contains IMiD

1.04 [0.31–3.43]

1.000

0.76 [0.19–3.04]

0.761

 Contains proteasome inhibitor

2.11 [0.6–8.17]

0.267

1.91 [0.47–7.78]

0.350

 Contains corticosteroids

1.49 [0.45–4.99]

0.589

1.95 [0.49–8.67]

0.363

 Contains venetoclax

0.38 [0.03–3.62]

0.357

0 [0–3.45]

0.322

 No active treatment

1.08 [0.23–5.79]

1.000

1.22 [0.18–6.34]

1.000

Biochemical parameters at last clinic visit before COVID-19 episode

 Leukocytopenia (< 4 × 10e9/L)

0.67 [0.19–2.34]

0.571

0.68 [0.13–2.88]

0.749

 Lymphocytopenia (< 0.5 × 10e9/L)

∞ [0.99–∞]

0.036

0 [0–2.07]

0.176

 Neutropenia (< 2 × 10e9/L)

0.64 [0.16–2.52]

0.542

0.39 [0.04–2.16]

0.312

 IgG level (mg/dL)

1074.5/738

0.297

869/718

0.074

 Hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG < 700 mg/dL)

1.42 [0.41–5.24]

0.584

1.39 [0.33–5.61]

0.751

 Severe hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG < 400 mg/dL)

∞ [0.79–∞]

0.072

7.80 [0.97–97.75]

0.027

 Immunoparesis

3.58 [0.46–43.2]

0.192

1.70 [0.17–87.01]

1.000

Peak biochemical parameters during hospitalization

Note: variables below only apply to the subset of patients hospitalized at Mount Sinai Hospital

n = 23

 CRP (mg/L)

–

–

144.8/289.4

0.019

 Total leukocyte count (× 10e9/L) (lowest)

–

–

2.9/4.2

0.444

 Absolute lymphocyte count (× 10e9/L) (lowest)

–

–

0.4/0.2

0.319

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

–

–

1.1/2.5

0.052

 Procalcitonin (ng/mL)

–

–

0.5/2.3

0.010

 Ferritin (μg/L)

–

–

1282/3474

0.007

 Fibrinogen (mg/dL)

–

–

646/667

0.888

 D-dimer (mg/L)

–

–

2/18.2

0.004

 LDH (U/L)

–

–

478/830

0.065

 ALT (U/L)

–

–

43.5/76.5

0.244

 AST (U/L)

–

–

49.5/100

0.054

 IL-1b (pg/mL)

–

–

0.5/0.5

1.000

 IL-6 (pg/mL)

–

–

119.2/296.8

0.117

 IL-8 (pg/mL)

–

–

46.6/137

0.104

 TNF-alfa (pg/mL)

–

–

29.4/21.3

0.574

  1. Note: values are presented as OR [95% confidence interval] or median of group 1/median of group 2; p values according to Wilcoxon test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables
  2. Abbreviations: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, NH not hospitalized, H hospitalized, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ASCT autologous stem cell transplant, Ig immunoglobulin, CRP C-reactive protein, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, IL interleukin, TNF tumor necrosis factor
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Journal of Hematology & Oncology

ISSN: 1756-8722

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