Fig. 1

The multi-functions of HMGB1. HMGB1 in the nucleus regulates DNA damage repair and genome stability as a non-histone chromatin-associated protein and DNA chaperon. In the cytoplasm or mitochondria, HMGB1 increases autophagy, inhibits apoptosis, and regulates mitochondria functions. At the membrane, HMGB1 promotes axonal sprouting and neurite growth. HMGB1 can be transferred to extracellular context by two ways: active secretion from immunocompetent cells or passive release from apoptotic or necrotic cells, participating in immune responses