Novel therapies are changing treatment paradigms in metastatic prostate cancer

Table 2 Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in mPC immunotherapeutics

TAA	Function	Modalities for immunotherapy	Other expressing tissues	Unsuccessful therapies	Approved therapies	Ongoing trials
PSMA	Zinc metalloenzyme	Bi-specific antibodies, CAR-T, STEAP-1	Salivary glands, kidney	N/A	N/A	PSMAxCD3 antibody CC-1 (NCT04104607), P-PSMA-101 CAR-T (NCT04249947), PSCA-CAR-T (NCT03873805), CART-PSMA-TGFβRDN (NCT04227275), BPX-601 CAR-T (NCT02744287), AMG 509 (NCT04221542), Pasotuxizumab (BAY 2010112) (NCT01723475), ES414 (NCT02262910), Adoptive transfer of autologous T cells (NCT01140373)
PSMA	Folate uptake	Bi-specific antibodies, CAR-T, STEAP-1	Salivary glands, kidney	N/A	N/A
PAP	Seminal fluid production	Vaccine + ICI	Not significant	N/A	Sipuleucel-T	NCT04090528, NCT02499835
PSA	Serine protease	Vaccine + ICI	Not significant	Vaccine (NCT01322490)	N/A	NCT02933255, NCT02325557
PSA	Forms semen coagulum	Vaccine + ICI	Not significant	Vaccine (NCT01322490)	N/A	NCT02933255, NCT02325557
MUC1	Cell adhesion, intracellular signaling	Vaccine, DC vaccine	Most epithelial cells. Many adenocarcinomas. Not expressed by normal prostate cells	N/A	N/A	NCT03481816
PSCA	Unknown	Vaccine, mAb	Not significant	N/A	N/A	N/A
TARP	Androgen regulation. Mitochondrial lipid metabolism	DC vaccine	Breast adenocarcinoma	N/A	N/A	NCT02362451

PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen, PAP prostate acid phosphatase, PSA prostate-specific antigen, MUC1 mucin-1, PSCA prostate stem cell antigen, STEAP-1 six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1, TARP T cell receptor gamma chain alternate reading frame protein, CAR-T chimeric antigen receptor T cell, ICI immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, DC dendritic cell, mAb monoclonal antibody

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