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Table 1 The main characteristics of immunosenescence cells

From: Immunosenescence: a key player in cancer development

Category

Markers

Cell types

 

References

Surface marker

CD27, CD28

T cells

↓

[41, 42]

 

CD57, KLRG-1, Tim-3, TIGIT, CD45RA

T cells

↑

[41, 42]

 

NKp30, NKp46, DNAM-1, NKG2A

NK cells

↓

[28, 45, 46]

 

KIR, NKG2C, CD57

NK cells

↑

[28, 45, 46]

 

CD62L, TLR1/4

Monocytes/macrophages

↓

[28]

 

CD11b, TLR5

Monocytes/macrophages

↑

[28]

 

CD11a, CD11b

Neutrophils

–

[28]

Cell cycle arrest

P16, P21, P53

T cells

↓

[5, 42, 43]

Molecules associated with DNA damage

γH2AX

All

↑

[64, 65]

TCR signaling machinery

Lck, ZAP70, DLG1, Lat, SLP-76

T cells

↓

[39, 64]

Proinflammatory cytokines

IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF

T cells

↑

[31,32,33,34]

Cytokines

IL-7

T cells

↓

[30]

Inhibitory factors

IL-10, TGF-β

T cells

↑

[39]

Epigenetic change

SAHF

T cells

↓

[37]

Metabolic alteration

Glycolysis

T cells

↑

[35, 36]

 

Mitochondrial biogenesis

T cells

↓

[35, 36]

 

ROS

T cells

↑

[35, 36]

Effector molecules

Perforin, GzmB

T cells

↓

[39]

Telomere length

Telomere

All

↑

[21, 44]

Telomerase activity

Telomerase

All

↓

[21, 44]

SA-b-gal activity

SA-β-gal

All

↑

[34]