Category | Markers | Cell types | Â | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Surface marker | CD27, CD28 | T cells | ↓ | |
 | CD57, KLRG-1, Tim-3, TIGIT, CD45RA | T cells | ↑ | |
 | NKp30, NKp46, DNAM-1, NKG2A | NK cells | ↓ | |
 | KIR, NKG2C, CD57 | NK cells | ↑ | |
 | CD62L, TLR1/4 | Monocytes/macrophages | ↓ | [28] |
 | CD11b, TLR5 | Monocytes/macrophages | ↑ | [28] |
 | CD11a, CD11b | Neutrophils | – | [28] |
Cell cycle arrest | P16, P21, P53 | T cells | ↓ | |
Molecules associated with DNA damage | γH2AX | All | ↑ | |
TCR signaling machinery | Lck, ZAP70, DLG1, Lat, SLP-76 | T cells | ↓ | |
Proinflammatory cytokines | IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF | T cells | ↑ | |
Cytokines | IL-7 | T cells | ↓ | [30] |
Inhibitory factors | IL-10, TGF-β | T cells | ↑ | [39] |
Epigenetic change | SAHF | T cells | ↓ | [37] |
Metabolic alteration | Glycolysis | T cells | ↑ | |
 | Mitochondrial biogenesis | T cells | ↓ | |
 | ROS | T cells | ↑ | |
Effector molecules | Perforin, GzmB | T cells | ↓ | [39] |
Telomere length | Telomere | All | ↑ | |
Telomerase activity | Telomerase | All | ↓ | |
SA-b-gal activity | SA-β-gal | All | ↑ | [34] |