Fig. 1

Real study examples on non-proportional hazards (NPH) patterns. a Delayed treatment effect pattern: nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation (N = 418); adapted from C Robert, GV Long, B Brady, C Dutriaux, M Maio, L Mortier, JC Hassel, P Rutkowski, C McNeil, E Kalinka-Warzocha, et al. [1]. b Belly-shape diminishing effect pattern: A randomised non-comparative phase II trial of cixutumumab (IMC-A12) or ramucirumab (IMC-1121B) plus mitoxantrone and prednisone in men with metastatic docetaxel-pretreated castration-resistant prostate cancer; adapted from M Hussain, D Rathkopf, G Liu, A Armstrong, WK Kelly, A Ferrari, J Hainsworth, A Joshi, RR Hozak, L Yang, et al. [4]. c Crossing hazards pattern: nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small cell lung cancer (N = 582); adapted from J Brahmer, KL Reckamp, P Baas, L Crino, WE Eberhardt, E Poddubskaya, S Antonia, A Pluzanski, EE Vokes, E Holgado, et al. [2]. d Delayed effect and crossing hazards combination pattern: nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small cell lung cancer (N = 582); adapted from J Brahmer, KL Reckamp, P Baas, L Crino, WE Eberhardt, E Poddubskaya, S Antonia, A Pluzanski, EE Vokes, E Holgado, et al. [2]. e Delayed effect and belly-shape diminishing effect combination pattern: sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer; adapted from PW Kantoff, CS Higano, ND Shore, ER Berger, EJ Small, DF Penson, CH Redfern, AC Ferrari, R Dreicer, RB Sims, et al. [3]. f Various belly-shape diminishing effect combination pattern: a randomized non-comparative phase 2 trial of cixutumumab (IMC-A12) or ramucirumab (IMC-1121B) plus mitoxantrone and prednisone in men with metastatic docetaxel-pretreated castration-resistant prostate cancer; adapted from M Hussain, D Rathkopf, G Liu, A Armstrong, WK Kelly, A Ferrari, J Hainsworth, A Joshi, RR Hozak, L Yang, et al. [4]