Table 1 Biomarkers and metabolites associated with STS

Signaling

RAS signaling

GLUT, HK, PFK

UPS, MFS

Poor prognosis

[33, 34]

PI3K-AKT signaling

LMS, EWS

Poor prognosis

[35, 36]

miR-181b

STLMS, ULMS

RFS

[8]

MDM2 amplification

DDLPS

Poor prognosis

GFR signaling

IGFR1 overexpression

STLMS, EWS, MLS, ARMS, SS

Poor RFS/DSS

[8, 37, 38]

Her4/Erbb4

OS, EWS

Poor prognosis

[38]

Serum bFGF, VEGF

STS

Poor prognosis

[39]

JUN signaling

DDLPS

Poor prognosis

[8]

HIPPO pathway

Nuclear YAP/TAZ, VGLL3

UPS, MFS, MLS, RMS

Poor prognosis

[40,41,42,43,44,45]

WNT pathway

Nuclear β-catenin/LEF1; MEG3 (lncRNA) downregulation

EWS, OS

Poor prognosis

[46, 47]

Cell cycle/death

Cell cycle

CINSARC—67 genes

STS

Poor prognosis

[48]

TP53, RB1, CDKN2A deficiency

LMS, UPS, MFS

Poor prognosis

[8, 49,50,51]

TP53, IGAR, GLUT

LMS, UPS, MFS, EWS

Poor prognosis

CDCA2, KIF14, IGBP7

SS

Metastasis

[52]

CDK4 amplification

DDLPS

Poor prognosis

[8]

DNA replication

TOP2A

MPNST

Poor prognosis

[8]

RRM1

OS, EWS

Good prognosis

[8]

ATRX deletion

DDLPS

Poor prognosis

[8]

Transcriptional regulation

DNA hypermethylation,

DDLPS, STLMS

poor RFS/DSS

[8]

HMGA2 amplification

DDLPS

Poor prognosis

[8]

Energetic pathways

Glycolysis

GLUT, ENO1, TPI1, PKG1, LDHC, lactate, pyruvate

STS

Poor prognosis

[20, 53, 54]

FBP2 loss

LPS, LMS, FS, UPS

Poor DSS

[55]

Serum LDH

ULMS, EWS

Poor prognosis

[39, 51]

PKM1/2 isoenzymes

OS

Poor prognosis

[56]

Pentose and glucoronate interconversions

UGT

STS

Prognosis

[20]

Citrate cycle/OXPHOS

Downregulated metabolites

OS

Poor prognosis

[27]

Decreased ATP Synthase subunits

OS

Poor prognosis

[56]

SDH, FH mutations (succinate accumulation)

GIST

Poor prognosis

[57]

Others

AMPKa, CHK1, S6, ARID1A, RBM15, MSH6, AcetylTubulin

STS

Combined survival related signature

[58]

Nucleotide metabolism

STS

Poor prognosis

[57]

Amino acids

Alanine, aspartate, glutamate

GLS

OS, KS, EWS

High risk

[27, 59, 60, 56]

Arginine, ornithine

ASS1 deficiency, ODC

OS, MFS, KS

DSS, MFS

[27, 61, 62]

Proline

PYCR2

OS, KS

DSS, MFS

[27, 63]

Serine, glycine

PHGDH, PSAT1, PSPH, SHMT2, SLC1A5, MTHFD2, MTHFD1L

EWS

DSS, MFS

[60, 64]

Tryptophane

TDO2 (low)

EWS

DSS, MFS

[65]

5 methylthioadenosine

OS

DSS, MFS

[27]

Redox, vitamins

Pantothenate metabolism

VNN1 (low)

FS

Poor prognosis

[66]

Redox metabolism

TXR, MIF1, GAL1, AcCoaBP

LMS (high), MFS (low)

Poor prognosis

[67]

Hypoxia

HIF1α, hypoxia gene signatures

EWS, OS, GIST, KS

Poor prognosis

[68,69,70,71,72]