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Table 2 Effects of native MSC-derived EVs on different types of cancer

From: Therapeutic roles of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in cancer

EV source

Cancer

Method

Key cargo

Effect

Proposed mechanism

Reference

hBMSCs

Gastric cancer; colon cancer

In vitro and in vivo

N/A

Angiogenesis↑

Cell proliferation↑

Activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways

[37]

hBMSCs

Mouse breast cancer

In vitro and in vivo

miR-16

Angiogenesis↓

Tumor progression↓

VEGF↓

[38]

hBMSCs

Breast carcinoma

In vitro

miR-100

Angiogenesis↓

Endothelial cell proliferation↓

Migration↓

mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling axis

[39]

hMenSCs

Prostate adenocarcinoma

In vitro and in vivo

N/A

Angiogenesis↓

Tumor progression↓

ROS↓

VEGF↓

[40]

hMenSCs

Hamster buccal pouch carcinoma

In vitro and in vivo

N/A

Endothelial cell apoptosis↑

Tumor progression↓

VEGF↓

[41]

hBMSCs

Hepatocellular carcinoma; ovarian cancer; Kaposi’s sarcoma

In vitro and in vivo

N/A

Tumor progression↓

Activation of negative regulators of cell cycle

[42]

hUCMSCs

Bladder carcinoma

In vitro and in vivo

N/A

Proliferation↓

Apoptosis↑

Phosphorylation of Akt protein kinase↓

p53/p21 and Caspase 3↑

[43]

hAMSCs

Ovarian cancer

In vitro

miRNAs

Proliferation↓

Activation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling

[44]

hAMSCs

Metastatic prostate cancer

In vitro and in vivo

miR-145

Proliferation↓

Apoptosis↑

BclxL↓

[45]

hBMSCs

Lung cancer

In vitro and in vivo

let-7i

Proliferation↓

Metastasis↓

KDM3A↓

DCLK1↑

FXYD3↓

[46]

hBMSCs

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

In vitro and in vivo

N/A

Proliferation↑

Migration↑

Tumorigenesis↑

FGF19-FGFR4 dependent ERK signaling cascade; EMT

[47]

hBMSCs

Osteosarcoma

In vitro and in vivo

lncRNA PVT1

Tumor growth↑

Metastasis↑

Stabilize ERG and sponge miR-183-5p

[48]

hUCMSCs

Renal cancer

In vitro and in vivo

HGF mRNA

Tumor growth↑

Aggressiveness↑

Activation of AKT and ERK1/2 signaling

[49]

hUCMSCs

Lung adenocarcinoma cancer

In vitro and in vivo

miR-410

Proliferation↑

Apoptosis↓

PTEN↓

[50]

hUCMSCs

Lung cancer

In vitro and in vivo

miR-130b-3p

Proliferation↑

Migration and invasion↑

Apoptosis↓

FOXO3↓

Activation of NFE2L2/TXNRD1 pathway

[51]

hUCMSCs

Breast cancer

In vitro

N/A

Proliferation↑

Migration and invasion↑

Induction of EMT via the ERK pathway

[52]

hBMSCs

Non-small cell lung cancer

In vitro and in vivo

Increased miR-21-5p

Tumor growth↑

Proliferation↑

Invasion↑

Macrophage M2 Polarization

[53]

hBMSCs of patients with multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma

In vitro and in vivo

Lower miR-15a

Tumor growth↑

Dissemination↑

Oncogenic proteins, cytokines, and adhesion molecules↑

[54]

p53 deficient mBMSCs

Mouse gastric cancer

In vitro and in vivo

UBR2

Tumor growth↑

Metastasis↑

Stemness↑

Abnormal activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway

[55]

hBMSCs

Bone marrow–metastatic breast cancer

In vitro and in vivo

miR-23b

Proliferation and invasion↓

Sensitivity to docetaxel↓

Dormancy↑

MARCKS↓

[60]

hBMSCs

Breast carcinoma

In vitro

N/A

Proliferation and migration↓

Dormancy↑

Anti-cancer drug resistance↑

MET

[61]

hUCMSCs

Breast cancer; ovarian cancer

In vitro

N/A

Tumor heterogeneity↑

Dormancy↑

Tumor cell resistance↑

Induction of MMP-2 and ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity

[62]

hUCMSCs

Gastric cancer

In vitro and in vivo

Proteins

Drug resistance↑

CaM-Ks/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade↑

[63]

  1. EV extracellular vesicle, hAMSCs human adipose mesenchymal stem cells, hBMSCs human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, hMenSCs human menstrual stem cells, hUCMSCs human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, mBMSCs mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, MSC mesenchymal stem cell