From: Therapeutic roles of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in cancer
EV source | Cancer | Method | Key cargo | Effect | Proposed mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hBMSCs | Gastric cancer; colon cancer | In vitro and in vivo | N/A | Angiogenesis↑ Cell proliferation↑ | Activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways | [37] |
hBMSCs | Mouse breast cancer | In vitro and in vivo | miR-16 | Angiogenesis↓ Tumor progression↓ | VEGF↓ | [38] |
hBMSCs | Breast carcinoma | In vitro | miR-100 | Angiogenesis↓ Endothelial cell proliferation↓ Migration↓ | mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling axis | [39] |
hMenSCs | Prostate adenocarcinoma | In vitro and in vivo | N/A | Angiogenesis↓ Tumor progression↓ | ROS↓ VEGF↓ | [40] |
hMenSCs | Hamster buccal pouch carcinoma | In vitro and in vivo | N/A | Endothelial cell apoptosis↑ Tumor progression↓ | VEGF↓ | [41] |
hBMSCs | Hepatocellular carcinoma; ovarian cancer; Kaposi’s sarcoma | In vitro and in vivo | N/A | Tumor progression↓ | Activation of negative regulators of cell cycle | [42] |
hUCMSCs | Bladder carcinoma | In vitro and in vivo | N/A | Proliferation↓ Apoptosis↑ | Phosphorylation of Akt protein kinase↓ p53/p21 and Caspase 3↑ | [43] |
hAMSCs | Ovarian cancer | In vitro | miRNAs | Proliferation↓ | Activation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling | [44] |
hAMSCs | Metastatic prostate cancer | In vitro and in vivo | miR-145 | Proliferation↓ Apoptosis↑ | BclxL↓ | [45] |
hBMSCs | Lung cancer | In vitro and in vivo | let-7i | Proliferation↓ Metastasis↓ | KDM3A↓ DCLK1↑ FXYD3↓ | [46] |
hBMSCs | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | In vitro and in vivo | N/A | Proliferation↑ Migration↑ Tumorigenesis↑ | FGF19-FGFR4 dependent ERK signaling cascade; EMT | [47] |
hBMSCs | Osteosarcoma | In vitro and in vivo | lncRNA PVT1 | Tumor growth↑ Metastasis↑ | Stabilize ERG and sponge miR-183-5p | [48] |
hUCMSCs | Renal cancer | In vitro and in vivo | HGF mRNA | Tumor growth↑ Aggressiveness↑ | Activation of AKT and ERK1/2 signaling | [49] |
hUCMSCs | Lung adenocarcinoma cancer | In vitro and in vivo | miR-410 | Proliferation↑ Apoptosis↓ | PTEN↓ | [50] |
hUCMSCs | Lung cancer | In vitro and in vivo | miR-130b-3p | Proliferation↑ Migration and invasion↑ Apoptosis↓ | FOXO3↓ Activation of NFE2L2/TXNRD1 pathway | [51] |
hUCMSCs | Breast cancer | In vitro | N/A | Proliferation↑ Migration and invasion↑ | Induction of EMT via the ERK pathway | [52] |
hBMSCs | Non-small cell lung cancer | In vitro and in vivo | Increased miR-21-5p | Tumor growth↑ Proliferation↑ Invasion↑ | Macrophage M2 Polarization | [53] |
hBMSCs of patients with multiple myeloma | Multiple myeloma | In vitro and in vivo | Lower miR-15a | Tumor growth↑ Dissemination↑ | Oncogenic proteins, cytokines, and adhesion molecules↑ | [54] |
p53 deficient mBMSCs | Mouse gastric cancer | In vitro and in vivo | UBR2 | Tumor growth↑ Metastasis↑ Stemness↑ | Abnormal activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway | [55] |
hBMSCs | Bone marrow–metastatic breast cancer | In vitro and in vivo | miR-23b | Proliferation and invasion↓ Sensitivity to docetaxel↓ Dormancy↑ | MARCKS↓ | [60] |
hBMSCs | Breast carcinoma | In vitro | N/A | Proliferation and migration↓ Dormancy↑ Anti-cancer drug resistance↑ | MET | [61] |
hUCMSCs | Breast cancer; ovarian cancer | In vitro | N/A | Tumor heterogeneity↑ Dormancy↑ Tumor cell resistance↑ | Induction of MMP-2 and ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity | [62] |
hUCMSCs | Gastric cancer | In vitro and in vivo | Proteins | Drug resistance↑ | CaM-Ks/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade↑ | [63] |