Table 3 Advantages and disadvantages of post-loading methods
From: Therapeutic roles of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in cancer
| Post-loading method | Category | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct co-incubation | Passive loading |
Simple Maintain EV membrane integrity |
Low loading efficiency Time-consuming Limited cargo range | [69, 71] |
| Electroporation | Physically-induced active loading | High loading efficiency |
SiRNA aggregation Potential influence of stability | [70] |
| Sonication | Physically-induced active loading | High loading efficiency |
Disrupt EV membrane integrity Damage cargoes | [68, 72] |
| Freeze and thaw cycles | Physically-induced active loading | Medium loading efficiency | EV aggregation | [73] |
| Extrusion | Physically-induced active loading | High loading efficiency | Disrupt EV membrane integrity | [68] |
| Saponin/chemical transfection | Chemically-induced active loading | High loading efficiency |
Immunogenetic toxicity Potential influence of stability | [66] |