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Table 3 Advantages and disadvantages of post-loading methods

From: Therapeutic roles of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in cancer

Post-loading method

Category

Advantages

Disadvantages

References

Direct co-incubation

Passive loading

Simple

Maintain EV membrane integrity

Low loading efficiency

Time-consuming

Limited cargo range

[69, 71]

Electroporation

Physically-induced active loading

High loading efficiency

SiRNA aggregation

Potential influence of stability

[70]

Sonication

Physically-induced active loading

High loading efficiency

Disrupt EV membrane integrity

Damage cargoes

[68, 72]

Freeze and thaw cycles

Physically-induced active loading

Medium loading efficiency

EV aggregation

[73]

Extrusion

Physically-induced active loading

High loading efficiency

Disrupt EV membrane integrity

[68]

Saponin/chemical transfection

Chemically-induced active loading

High loading efficiency

Immunogenetic toxicity

Potential influence of stability

[66]