Table 10 Major vehicles to deliver cancer vaccines

Peptides

Short peptide (< 15 aa)

Directly binding to MHC, Not processed by APC, more tolerogenic,

Synthetic long peptide, neoantigens

Preferably taken up and processed by dendritic cells, usually co-administrated with adjuvant to potentiate immunogenicity

Cellular vaccine

Tumor cells

Autologous or allogeneic, not need to identify tumor antigens,

Dendritic cells

Provide tumor antigens and costimulatory signals, can co-express cytokines and other co-stimulatory molecules, highly immunogenic

Microorganisms

Microorganisms are immunostimulatory, can co-express other stimulatory molecules

Viral vector

PROSTVAC-VF/Tricom

Vehicles are highly immunogenic, can co-express stimulatory cytokines and other molecules; may need local injection; neutralizing antibody can clear virus

DNA/RNA

RNA mutanome vaccines

Vaccine (DNA/RNA) itself is immunogenic. Low delivery efficiency with the native form. Other delivery methods (nanoparticles, gene gun and in situ electroporation) enhance delivery