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Fig. 1 | Journal of Hematology & Oncology

Fig. 1

From: Treatment with soluble CD24 attenuates COVID-19-associated systemic immunopathology

Fig. 1

Population dynamics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors vs. patients with COVID-19 treated with placebo or CD24Fc. A total of 1,306,473 PBMCs from HD (n = 17) and COVID-19 patients (n = 22) were clustered using an unbiased multivariate t-mixture model, which identified 12 sub-clusters that reflect statistically distinct cell states. Visualization of the relative similarity of each cell and cell cluster on the two-dimensional UMAP space with a 10% downsampling (A). Cluster-by-marker heatmap characterizing the expression patterns of individual clusters (B). UMAP plots (C) and cluster frequencies (D) of HD vs. baseline COVID-19 patient samples (cluster 5, p = 0.03; cluster 6, p = 0.001; cluster 10, p < 0.001; cluster 11, p < 0.001; cluster 12, p = 0.01). Contour plots representing the density of cells throughout regions of the UMAP space from COVID-19 patients D2, D4, and D8 after CD24Fc vs. placebo treatment (E, white arrows indicate visual changes between CD24Fc vs. placebo contour plots). Cluster population dynamics as fold change over baseline for each group over time (F; p < 0.001 for cluster 1–12) (D2: placebo n = 12, CD24Fc n = 10; D4: placebo n = 11, CD24Fc n = 9; D8: placebo n = 4, CD24Fc n = 3). The p-value in D was calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001

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