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Table 1 Quantitative and qualitative changes in individual immune cell types and immune cell markers detected within the BM microenvironment of MGUS, SMM, NDMM and RRMM patients compared to BM samples obtained from healthy volunteers [113, 137, 143, 184]

From: Deciphering mechanisms of immune escape to inform immunotherapeutic strategies in multiple myeloma

Immune cells and markers

MGUS

SMM

NDMM

RRMM

CD4+ve T cells

No change

No change

Reduced

Reduced

CD8+ve T cells

No change

No change

No change

No change

CD4+ve CD25+ve Tregs

No change

No change

Increased

Increased

PD1 expression on Tregs

No change

No change

Increased

Increased

LAG3 expression on Tregs

No change

No change

No change

Increased

Granulocytic MDSC

No change

No change

Increased

Further increased

PD-L1 expression on Granulocytic MDSC

No change

No change

Increased

Increased

Monocytic MDSC

No change

No change

No change

No change

PD-L1 expression on CD138+ve MM cells

No change

No change

Increased

Increased

NK cells

Slight Increase

ND

Increased

ND

NKT cells

Maintain their capacity for activation and antibody-dependent cellular toxicity

ND

Marked functional deficits

ND

Non classic CD16+ve monocytes

Increased

ND

Increased

ND

Classic CD14+ve monocytes

Normal/ Decreased

Decreased

Decreased

ND

Plasmacytoid DC

Decreased

ND

Decreased

ND

Monocytic DC

No change

ND

No change

ND

M2macrophages

ND

ND

Increased

Further increased

STAT3 activation in TAMS

Increased

ND

Increased

ND

  1. No change indicates that no significant change has been reported in the literature. ND indicates that significant changes have not been determined or been reported