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Table 5 Published studies that investigated PD-L1/PD-1 signal pathways in cancer organoids

From: Improvement of the anticancer efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade via combination therapy and PD-L1 regulation

Cancer type

Source of cancer organoids

Mouse strain receiving organoid

Method for establishing mouse tumor model from organoid

Immunotherapy strategy or other treatment in cancer organoid

References

CRC

Biopsies from patient

n.a

n.a

Anti-PD-L1 Ab

[264]

CRC

Tumor tissue from patient

n.a

n.a

Pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab

[262]

CRC

Tumor tissues of dMMR CRCs

n.a

n.a

Anti-PD-1 Ab, Anti-DKK1 Ab

[265]

Diverse tumor types

Biopsies from patient or mouse tumors (B16-SIY, MC38, A20-OVA)

NSG mice

Injected subcutaneously

Anti-PD-1 Ab, anti-PD-L1 Ab

[261]

Gastric cancer

Biopsied or resected tumor tissues

NSG mice

Orthotopic transplantation

Nivolumab, targeted therapy

[258]

Gastric cancer

Tumor tissue from patient

NSG mice

Orthotopic transplantation

Nivolumab, targeted therapy

[259]

Gastric cancer

human gastric tissue, induced pluripotent stem cells

n.a

n.a

Targeted therapy, nivolumab

[267]

Gastric cancer

Gastric glands from normal mouse stomach, cancer tissue of transgenic mouse

n.a

n.a

n.a

[303]

Gastric cancer

Tumor tissue from patient

n.a

n.a

Dexamethasone, pembrolizumab,

[268]

NSCLC

Biopsies from patient

n.a

n.a

Anti-PD-L1 Ab (atezolizumab, avelumab), targeted therapy

[266]

Ovarian cancer

Tumor tissue from patient

n.a

n.a

Bispecific anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody, pembrolizumab, anti-PD-L1 Ab (LY3300054)

[263]

Pancreatic cancer, TNBC

Tumor tissue from patient and mouse

n.a

n.a

Anti-PD-1, PD-L1 and TIM3 Ab or NKG2A, TIM3, TIGIT and LAG3 protein

[269]

PDAC

Tumor tissue from patient and mouse

NSG mice

Orthotopic transplantation

Anti-PD-1 Ab, targeted therapy, chemotherapy

[260]

  1. n.a. not applicable, CRC colorectal cancer, NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer, TNBC triple negative breast cancer, PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, dMMR different mismatch repair, NSG NOD scid gamma, Ab antibody