Targeting regulated cell death (RCD) with small-molecule compounds in triple-negative breast cancer: a revisited perspective from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapies

Table 2 Small-molecule compounds targeting autophagy in TNBC

Name in the literature and chemical structure	Target	Mechanism in RCD	Biological activity	TNBC subtype	References
LYN-1604	ULK1↑	Induce autophagy-dependent cell death	ULK1 (EC₅₀ = 18.94 nm)	MSL	[144]
FL-411	AMPK-mTOR-ULK1↑	Induce autophagy-dependent cell death	MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀ = 3.27 ± 0.14 μM)	MSL	[145]
SBP-7455	ULK1/2↓	Inhibit autophagy-dependent cell death	ULK1 (IC₅₀ = 13 nM)	BL1, MSL, M	[146]
Phloretin (PH)	mTOR/ULK1↓	Inhibit autophagy-dependent cell death	MDA-MB-231	MSL	[148]
SLLN-15	AURKA↓ AKT-mTOR↓	Induce autophagy-dependent cell death	MDA-MB-231, BT20 (IC₅₀ = 10 − 25 μM)	MSL	[155]
Compound 9 m	mTOR↓	Induce autophagy-dependent cell death	mTOR (IC₅₀ = 7 nM)	MSL	[156]
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)	Ras/Raf/ERK↓	Inhibit autophagy-dependent cell death	SUM190		[162]
Y29	AKT-MAPK↓	Induce autophagy-dependent cell death	MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀ = 630 nm)	MSL	[164]
CP-31398	wt-p53↑	Induce autophagy-dependent cell death	MDA-MB-231	MSL	[171]
PC3-15	p62↑	Inhibit autophagy-dependent cell death	EC₅₀ = 13.50 μM	BL1, MSL	[174]
WX20120108	ROS-FoxO3↑	Induce autophagy-dependent cell death	MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀ = 14.37 ± 1.49 μM)	MSL	[178]
Alisol A	NF-κB↓ PI3K/AKT/mTOR↓	Induce autophagy-dependent cell death	MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀ = 10 − 20 μM)	MSL	[182]
Thymoquinone (TQ)	Beclin-1↓ LC3↓	Inhibit autophagy-dependent cell death	MDA-MB-231	MSL	[190]
Rhein 4F	Beclin-1↑ LC3-II/I↑	Induce autophagy-dependent cell death	MDA-MB-231 (IC50 = 12.80 ± 0.83 μM)	MSL	[192]

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