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Table 4 Novel developed RNA sensor agonists in cancer immunity

From: Emerging role of RNA sensors in tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy

Agonists name

Chemical properties

Target

Cancer

Function

References

ARNAX

dsRNA

TLR3

Lymphoma

Involves in the recruitment and function of T cells, NK cells and DCs, overcame anti-PD-1 resistance

[101,102,103]

RNA-OG

ssRNA

TLR3

Mice peritoneal metastatic colon cancer model

Activates CD8+ T and NK cells, antagonizes the peritoneal immunosuppressive TME, produces type-I IFN

[104]

ssRNA-Pim-3-shRNA

ssRNA

TLR7

Melanoma

Activates CD8+ T cells and HK cells and reducts intratumoral Treg and MDSCs

[105]

CircNDUFB2

Noncoding RNA

RIG-I

NSCLC

Activates RIG-I-MAVS signaling cascades and recruits immune cells into the TME

[107]

CircBART2.2

Noncoding RNA

RIG-I

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Induces PD-L1 transcription, activates NF-κB and IRF3 cascades

[74]

ppp-RNA

RNA

RIG-I

Melanoma and acute myeloid leukemia

Activates CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, induced PD-L1 expression

[97, 98]

PVSRIPO

Recombinant poliovirus

MDA5

Glioma

Induces IFN response and elicits antitumor T cell immunity

[76, 108]

17e (CU-CPT17e)

Small molecule

TLR3, 8 and 9

HeLa cancer cells

Produces various cytokines

[109]

1V270

Small molecule

TLR7

HNSCC and melanoma mice models

Induces tumor-specific adaptive immune responses

[110, 111]

MEDI9197 (3M-052)

Small molecule

TLR7/8

Melanoma

Regulates the enrichment and activation of CD8+ T cells and NK cells, polarization of Th1 cells

[113]